According to Civil War historian James M. McPherson, in his book For Cause and Comrades, most Confederate volunteers stated they were fighting for liberty as well as slavery while many of the Union soldiers stated they fought to end slavery and preserve the union. [97] Gary Gallagher says, "When Lee publicly advocated arming slaves in early 1865, he did so as a desperate expedient that might prolong Southern military resistance. Educate, entertain, and engage with Factmonster. James McPherson broke down the geographical distribution of Confederate soldiers even further in his book For Cause and Comrades: State / Estimated % of all Confederate Soldiers: Virginia 14%North Carolina 15%Tennessee 12%South Carolina 6%Georgia 11%Florida 2%Alabama 9%Mississippi 7%Louisiana 6%Arkansas 3%Texas 6%Maryland 2%Kentucky 5%Missouri 3%. Our site is COPPA and kidSAFE-certified, so you can rest assured it's a safe place for kids to grow and explore. Opposing such a move, Cobb stated that African Americans were untrustworthy and innately lacked the qualities to make good soldiers, and that using them would cause many Confederates to quit the army. station23.cebu The manual used by doctors in the CSA. As the war progressed, the other general-officer ranks were quickly added, but no insignia for them was created. On February 28, shortly before Lincoln was sworn in as president, the Provisional Confederate Congress had authorized the organization of a large Provisional Army of the Confederate States (PACS). The lack of central authority and the ineffective railroads, combined with the frequent unwillingness or inability of Southern state governments to provide adequate funding, were key factors in the Confederate army's demise. "[98] After acrimonious debate the Confederate Congress agreed in March 1865. What did Union soldiers call Confederate soldiers? Many of their soldiers deserted, returned home, and formed a military force that fought off regular army units trying to punish them. These lists contain names of Confederate soldiers, their regiment, and burial place transcribed from monuments and headstones. They seized federal property, including nearly all U.S. Army forts, within their borders. Jackson's goal was to maintain discipline in a volunteer army whose homes were under threat of enemy occupation. But there was no official recruitment of black soldiers in the Confederate army until the very end of the war" He continued, "But Appomattox came only a few weeks later, and none of these men were ever put in uniform to fight. March 13, 1865, authorized up to 300,000 African American troops but was never fully implemented. Daniel Library Stacks Call Number E548 .H4. It was to consist of a large provisional force to exist only in time of war and a small permanent regular army. The task of compiling these records for Confederate soldiers began in 1903. Nichols Publishing Co, 1922.Lanser, Amanda. Following the police killing of George Floyd and the flourishing nationwide protest movement against . Advertisement cookies are used to provide visitors with relevant ads and marketing campaigns. Ten companies were organized into an infantry regiment, which theoretically had 1,000 men. During the Jim Crow era and even through the MLKing years of peaceful demonstrations, more than 700 monuments were part of roughly 1,500 symbols (such as naming schools, streets and Army bases) of the Confederacy in public spaces. Realizing they had advanced too far forward of their own unit, they attempted to return and Kirkland was shot. The Confederacy refused. As early as November 1864, some Confederates knew that the chance of securing victory against the U.S. was slim. [7] By the end of the war, more than 100,000 Confederate soldiers had deserted,[8] and some estimates put the number as high as one-third of all Confederate soldiers. They were generally referred by number and state, for example 1st Texas, 12th Virginia. Cobb said using blacks as soldiers would be the end of the revolution, because "if slaves make good soldiers, our whole theory of slavery is wrong."[101][102][103]. Continuing, McPherson also stated that of the hundreds of Confederate soldiers' letters he had examined, none of them contained any anti-slavery sentiment whatsoever: Although only 20 percent of the soldiers avowed explicit proslavery purposes in their letters and diaries, none at all dissented from that view. U.S. Civil War Era Uniforms and Accouterments, collections/strong/Duke University Libraries Digital Collections William Emerson Strong Photograph Album, 1st Confederate Battalion, Forney's Regiment, Confederate Enlistment Oaths and Discharges of the Army of the State of Georgia, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Confederate_States_Army&oldid=1140479607, March 6, 1861: 100,000 volunteers and militia, January 23, 1862: 400,000 volunteers and militia. Union nickname for Confederate soldiers because of their gray Create new Board. [129], The exact number is unknown. Branch colors were used for the color of chevronsblue for infantry, yellow for cavalry, and red for artillery. Copyright 2023 MassInitiative | All rights reserved. The following men had varying degrees of control: The lack of centralized control was a strategic weakness for the Confederacy, and there are only a few examples of its armies acting in concert across multiple theaters to achieve a common objective. On September 20, 1863, he and two other men took command of a charge near "Snodgrass Hill" during the Battle of Chickamauga. Gen. Fred C. Ainsworth, head of the Record and Pension Office of the War Department. History was manipulated so these statues could remind the black people of their horrific brutal past and to keep them segregated from the white folk, while offending them. Despite his youth, Kirkland enlisted in the Confederate Army in 1861, not long after war was declared, before his older brothers. They promised to give us our freedom and money besides, but none of us believed them; we only fought because we had to." [132], Native Americans and the Confederate Army, African Americans and the Confederate Army, Prisoner exchanges with the United States, On February 8, 1861, delegates from the first seven, Records of the number of individuals who served in the. He ventured back and forth several times, giving the wounded Union soldiers water, warm clothing, and blankets. The uniform of the Confederate soldiers was the color of There were seven full generals in the CSA; Steven G. Collins, "System in the South: John W. Mallet, Josiah Gorgas, and uniform production at the confederate ordnance department.". For further information address me at Mobile, Ala. (Signed) S. G. Spann, Comm'ing Choctaw Forces. The color of the piping and kepi denoted the military branch. A friend who visited the gravesite years later was said to have commented that it was one of the most sequestered, unfrequented, and inaccessible spots for a grave he'd ever seen. bushwhackers. The design of this particular shell is attributed to Captain William Leroy Broun that commanded the Richmond Arsenal. The best estimates of Confederate military personnel deaths are about 94,000 killed or mortally wounded, 164,000 deaths from disease, and between 26,000 and 31,000 deaths in Union prison camps. To avoid postponing recognition for their valor, those nominated for the awards had their names placed on a Roll of Honor, which would be read at the first dress parade after its receipt and be published in at least one newspaper in each state. [113] He noted that some Confederates brought along "their body servants, who in many cases had grown up with them" and that "on occasion some of those body servants were known to have picked up a rifle and fought. Throughout the war, the Confederacy raised the equivalent of 1,010 regiments in all branches, including militias, versus 2,050 regiments for the U.S. Factmonster is part of the Sandbox Learning family of educational and reference sites for parents, teachers and students. Historian Mark Weitz argues that the official count of 103,400 deserters is too low. But opting out of some of these cookies may affect your browsing experience. Furthermore, each state often had its uniform regulations and insignia, which meant that the "standard" Confederate uniform often featured a variety of differences based on the state the soldier came from. Download Texas Confederate Soldiers 1861 1865 Name Roster full books in PDF, epub, and Kindle. It does not store any personal data. The problem escalated rapidly after that, and fewer and fewer men returned. Please note that the Civil War Soldiers and Sailors System contains just an index of the men who served in the Civil War with only rudimentary information from the service records (including name, rank and unit in which they served). One estimate of the Confederate wounded, which is considered incomplete, is 194,026; another is 226,000. [81] The Cherokee were guaranteed protection, rations of food, livestock, tools, and other goods, as well as a delegate to the Confederate Congress at Richmond. These seven states also known as the Confederate States of America laid the foundation of the Confederacy during 4 to 9 February 1861 at a meeting held in Montgomery , Alabama. South Carolina was the first to secede, on December 20, 1860, followed by Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana and Texas. Out of these, the cookies that are categorized as necessary are stored on your browser as they are essential for the working of basic functionalities of the website. These major units were generally named after states or geographic regions (in comparison to the U.S. Army's custom of naming armies after rivers). The kepi was rarely used, the common slouch hat being preferred for its practicality in the Southern climate. The Southern Baptists sent a total of 78 missionaries, starting in 1862. He concludes that most of the desertions came because the soldier felt he owed a higher duty to his own family than to the Confederacy. For more information about soldiers in the war, check out the following article on Civil War soldiers. Name that Criminal 55%. Occasionally, regiments would be transferred between brigades. as a nickname for Confederate soldiers by the Federal soldiers in [76] Occasional raids into the North were designed to bring back money and supplies. The C.S. A Manual of Military Surgery (1863). << Previous: National Park . control. Such feelings moved Senator R. M. T. Hunter to deliver a long speech against the bill to arm the slaves. Confederate guerrillas were called bushwhackers. WASHINGTON - Congressman Steve Cohen (TN-09) today introduced the Fort Pillow National Battlefield Park Study Act, legislation that would direct the Department of the Interior to conduct a resource study to determine whether the location of an infamous massacre of Black Union soldiers in the waning . Read online free Texas Confederate Soldiers 1861 1865 Name Roster ebook anywhere anytime directly on your device. President Abraham Lincoln was exasperated to hear of such men who professed to love their country but were willing to fight against it. "[94] African American slave labor was used in a wide variety of logistical support roles for the Confederacy, from infrastructure and mining, to teamster and medical roles such as hospital attendants and nurses. "Dogface" A World War II and Korean War Soldier. The order was issued March 23, but as it was late in the war, only a few African American companies were raised in the Richmond area before the town was captured by the U.S. Army and placed back under U.S. [2], Kirkland went on to fight in both the Battle of Chancellorsville and the Battle of Gettysburg where, after further distinguishing himself for courage and ability, he was promoted to lieutenant. web pages This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. Be the first one to, The roster of Confederate soldiers, 1861-1865, Advanced embedding details, examples, and help, Confederate States of America. Most of the men whose names appear in this index served with units from 15 different states or territories; others were soldiers raised directly by the Confederate government, generals and staff officers, and other enlisted men not associated with a regiment. types of uniforms Confederate soldiers wore. To learn more, click on the seal or go to www.kidsafeseal.com. The central government was short of money so each state government had to supply its regiments. Confederate uniforms. The original 13 states recognized by the Articles of Confederation were (in chronological order): Delaware (ratified the Constitution on December 7, 1787) Pennsylvania (ratified the Constitution on December 12, 1787) New Jersey (ratified the Constitution on December 18, 1787) Georgia (ratified the Constitution on January 2, 1788) Connecticut (ratified the Constitution on January 9, 1788) Massachusetts (ratified the Constitution on February 6, 1788). Gen. Joseph B. Kershaw, also from Kershaw County, South Carolina, and informed him that he wished to help the wounded Union soldiers. the "CSA"), whereas the northern states that remained united under the U.S. Constitution were called collectively "the Union.". of the American Civil War-. At the beginning of the war, Albert Pike was appointed as Confederate envoy to Native Americans. [14] Four more slave states then joined the Confederacy. Capture a web page as it appears now for use as a trusted citation in the future. [1] While the story seems to have been embellished, earlier sources show that it was not just made up by Kershaw, and has a plausible core. This database contains an index of compiled military service records for volunteer Union soldiers who served with units organized in more than 20 states and territories, including states in the Confederacy. In reality, as disease, desertions and casualties took their toll, and the common practice of sending replacements to form new regiments took hold, most regiments were greatly reduced in strength. Making educational experiences better for everyone. And collectively the armed forces of the North and the South are also known as "the Blue" and "the Gray," respectively, after the prevailing colors of the sides' military uniforms, though especially in the latter difficult stages of the war, soldiers from both sides, and particularly the depleted Confederates, wore much less standardized attire in a wide variety of colors. In most cases, though, Confederate officers returned captured black soldiers to slavery or put them to hard labor on southern fortifications. [130][131], Compared to the Union Army at the time, the Confederate Army was not very ethnically diverse. HISTORY. What was of the nickname of the Union Army? After a successful battle, it was not unusual for victorious Confederate troops to procure U.S. Army uniform parts from captured supplies and dead U.S. soldiers; this would occasionally cause confusion in later battles and skirmishes.[78]. Edit Search New Search. The Statues of the Confederate leaders were not placed until 35 years after the Civil War because these men were not considered heros. [119][120] However, Confederate authorities feared retaliation, and consequently no black prisoner was ever put on trial and executed. [81][83] During the Civil War, 28,693 Native Americans served in the U.S. and Confederate armies, participating in battles such as Pea Ridge, Second Manassas, Antietam, Spotsylvania, Cold Harbor, and in Federal assaults on Petersburg. By March 1861, the Provisional Confederate Congress expanded the provisional forces and established a more permanent Confederate States Army. "Grunt" A Vietnam War soldier. [112] "[46][47], At many points during the war, and especially near the end, the Confederate armies were very poorly fed. Regiments were commanded by colonels. Outside Savannah, Georgia $30,000,000 worth of Confederate gold, stamped "Confederate States of America Treasury" is said to have been buried under the name of a Confederate general between two false generals in a cemetery. General Sherman's total warfare reduced the ability of the South to produce food and ship it to the armies or its cities. [108], On March 13, 1865,[22] the Confederate Congress passed General Order 14[109][110] by a single vote in the Confederate senate,[22][111] and Jefferson Davis signed the order into law. This could differ with some units, however, depending on available resources or the unit commander's desire. most of the battlefields were located in Confederate states. Cavalry regiments from Texas, for example, often used red insignia and at least one Texas infantry regiment used black. However, when Kirkland asked if he could show a white handkerchief, General Kershaw stated he could not do that. Supplementing the Confederate army were the various state militias of the Confederacy: Control and operation of the Confederate army were administered by the Confederate States War Department, which was established by the Confederate Provisional Congress in an act on February 21, 1861. We also use third-party cookies that help us analyze and understand how you use this website. [28] Challenges to the subsequent acts came before five state supreme courts; all five upheld them.[29]. For example, on August 19, 1862, General Stonewall Jackson approved the court-martial sentence of execution for three soldiers for desertion, rejecting pleas for clemency from the soldiers' regimental commander. Army) or lieutenant generals. By the time Abraham Lincoln took office as President of the United States on March 4, 1861, the seven seceding slave states had formed the Confederate States. Some of the more important armies and their commanders were: Some other prominent Confederate generals who led significant units operating sometimes independently in the CSA included Thomas J. In response, some Confederate artillery crews started forcing slaves to load the cannons. Armies of more than one corps were commanded by (full) generals. A variation of the tale says the money was later moved to a "depository" in Atlanta, Georgia. On February 8, 1861, representatives of those states announced the formation of the Confederate States of America, with its capital at Montgomery , Alabama. They were also called rebs and yanks. Item Code: 2022-2311. former british soldier, refused to charge lower rents. reb. Displays at the site share the history of the battle, including the massacre on Black troops. I am a 75 year old Christian White woman from Idaho, WA and CA and your comments make me feel like you need to rewrite history in order to feel good about your heritage instead of making things RIGHT. This is a 15 volume print series that you can use in the Daniel Library. All three initiatives were unsuccessful, however. the American Civil War; `greyback' derived from their grey The army did not have a formal overall military commander, or general in chief, until late in the war. [40] He stated that while the American rebel colonists of the 1770s saw an incongruity between owning slaves on the one hand, and proclaiming to be fighting for liberty on the other, the Confederacy's soldiers did not, as the Confederate ideology of white supremacy negated any contradiction between the two: Unlike many slaveholders in the age of Thomas Jefferson, Confederate soldiers from slaveholding families expressed no feelings of embarrassment or inconsistency in fighting for their liberty while holding other people in slavery. The Civil War was a fiery prism at the center of American society. Indeed, while about one-third of all Confederate soldiers belonged to slaveholding families, slightly more than two-thirds of the sample whose slaveholding status is known did so. number is not known. At some point during the day, Kirkland allegedly approached Confederate Brig. Two to four brigades usually formed a division. Confederate soldiers were called rebel, Grayback (because of the color of their uniform), Grays, Johnny Reb, Johnny, or just plain reb. In his 1997 book For Cause and Comrades, which examines the motivations of the American Civil War's soldiers, historian James M. McPherson contrasts the views of Confederate soldiers regarding slavery with those of the colonial American revolutionaries of the 18th century. Choctaw Confederate battalions were formed in Indian Territory and later in Mississippi in support of the southern cause. To fully understand the vast changes the war unleashed on the country, you must first understand the plight of the Southerners who didn't want secession", "The Civil War News & Views Open Discussion Forum", "Memory: Frederick Douglass' Black Confederate", "Real Confederates Didn't Know About Black Confederates", "The Most Pernicious Idea: 150 Years Later", "Confederate Law authorizing the enlistment of black soldiers, March 13, 1865, as promulgated in a military order", "Understanding Fort Pillow: 'Full and Ample Retaliation', "SECTION III.DesertersPrisoners of warHostagesBooty on the battle-field", INSTRUCTIONS FOR THE GOVERNMENT OF ARMIES OF THE UNITED STATES IN THE FIELD, "West Points of the Confederacy: Southern Military Schools and the Confederate Army". Since these figures include estimates of the total number of individual soldiers who served in each army at any time during the war, they do not represent the size of the armies at any given date. greyback, Johnny, Johnny Reb, Reb, Rebel - `Johnny' was applied ", Scott King-Owen, "Conditional Confederates: Absenteeism among Western North Carolina Soldiers, 18611865.". "[45], In 1894, Virginian and former Confederate soldier John S. Mosby, reflecting on his role in the war, stated in a letter to a friend that "I've always understood that we went to war on account of the thing we quarreled with the North about. The CSRs do not constitute an exhaustive list of all men who served in the Confederate army. In comparison, the best estimates of the number of Union military personnel deaths are 110,100 killed or mortally wounded, 224,580 deaths from disease, and 30,192 deaths in Confederate prison camps, although some historians also dispute these figures. While I think the slavery was certainly a significant catalyst (along with tariffs & internal improvements) for the war, once started the Southern objective was simple: obtain independence in a national liberation struggle. called rebs and yanks. In the actual armed conflicts of the Civil War, the two sides had numerous nicknames for themselves and each other as a group and individuals, e.g., for Union troops "Federals" and for the Confederates "rebels," "rebs" or "Johnny reb" for an individual Confederate soldier. Davis was a graduate of the U.S. Military Academy, and colonel of a volunteer regiment during the MexicanAmerican War. I have a great-great step-grandfather who was a doctor in the 1st LA Cavalry during the War of Northern Aggression. At the end of the war 174,223 men of the Confederate forces surrendered to the Union Army. Corporal of the Artillery division of the Confederate Army, Confederate mortar crew at Warrington, Florida in 1861, across from Fort Pickens, Confederate artillery at Charleston Harbor, 1863, Lt Col. E. V. Nash, 4th Georgia Infantry Doles-Cook Brigade, who was killed in 1864. Neal Publishing Company, 1912.McPherson, James M. For Cause and Comrades: Why Men Fought in the Civil War. The supply situation for most Confederate armies was dismal, even when they were victorious on the battlefield. 2 What was the Souths nickname in the Civil War? The weapons shall be Enfield Rifles. The production of these 3" Rifle projectiles began in April 1864. Additional information may be found by viewing the image of the original record. Lieutenant colonels were second in command. There are nine major U.S. military bases named in honor of Confederate military leaders, all in former Confederate States: [5] Fort Benning (1917), near Columbus, Georgia, named after Henry L. Benning, a brigadier general in the Confederate States Army [6] [7] Fort Gordon (1917), near Augusta, Georgia, named in honor of John Brown Gordon, who . [81][82] Many Native American tribes, such as the Creek, the Cherokee, and the Choctaw, were slaveholders themselves, and thus, found a political and economic commonality with the Confederacy.[84]. A typical CSR will include an envelope that lists a soldiers name, rank, unit, and card numbers, followed by cards with details extracted from muster rolls, rosters, hospital rolls, Union prison records, payrolls, and other records, with a new card being created each time a soldiers name appeared on a new document. Can proteins have polar and non polar regions? greyback (because of the color of their uniform), Johnny Reb, "[86], With so many white males conscripted into the army and roughly 40% of its population unfree, the work required to maintain a functioning society in the Confederacy ended up largely on the backs of slaves. In April 1862,[22] the Confederacy passed the first conscription law in either Confederate or Union history, the Conscription Act,[23] which made all able bodied white men between the ages of 18 and 35 liable for a three-year term of service in the Provisional Army. The largest Confederate field army was the Army of Northern Virginia, whose surrender at Appomattox Courthouse in 1865 marked the end of major combat operations in the U.S. Civil War. This is a 15 volume print series that you can use in the Daniel Library. For more information about Fold3. There is too many free niggers now to suit me, let alone having four millions. Cookies may affect your browsing experience exasperated to hear of such men who professed to love their country were! A long speech against the U.S. was slim new Board image of the battle, including the on. A World War II and Korean War soldier and state, for example, often red. 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