Ask students to define "pros" and "cons." (Students might respond: pros are positive factors or reasons for something; cons are negative factors or reasons against something.) Donald Trump announced US withdrawal from the INF treaty, The Open Skies Treaty, and was mulling an idea to end the New START treaty due to non-compliance from Russia. It gave rise to internal as well as external conflicts. The reasons for U.S. involvement in the Middle East are no longer as valid as they once were, and U.S. foreign policy in the Middle East is failing to keep up. Truman Administration: 1945-1952 During World War II, American troops were stationed in Iran to help transfer military supplies to the Soviet Union and protect Iranian oil. Pres. Now, the Biden administration had to pick up the phone, as has been true for decades, and call Riyadh about oil prices. Click to share on Twitter (Opens in new window), Click to share on LinkedIn (Opens in new window), Click to share on Facebook (Opens in new window), Click to share on Email (Opens in new window), American Strategy in the Middle East Is on Its Last Legs. You can learn Arabic, Turkish, Hebrew, Kurdish or other languages here. As, India and Pakistan engaged in a military standoff after a terrorist attack on Indian security forces in the Kashmir region. The Black Diplomats Who Broke the Color Barrier. This website uses cookies to improve your experience while you navigate through the website. The cold war era is a unique combination of conflict and cooperation. You also have the option to opt-out of these cookies. Good fight. March 7, 2022. Any cookies that may not be particularly necessary for the website to function and is used specifically to collect user personal data via analytics, ads, other embedded contents are termed as non-necessary cookies. In the last several years, a rising chorus of voices have been asking just how important the region is to the United States. Enjoy the three infractions come your way. The attack, which was carried out by a militant group which India clamed Pakistan involvement behind, resulted in the deaths of 40 Indian soldiers. of United States Military presence in Iraq and the Middle East Region. greatly influenced by Iraq and the Middle East OPEC members. The United States has been a major military player in the Middle East for decades. economy, the United States has invested trillions of dollars in building a But opting out of some of these cookies may affect your browsing experience. As, it raised tensions between the two nuclear-armed nations and highlighted the risk of a larger conflict between them. There are plenty of situations and problems [8] Zhang, Hai-Bin, Han-Cheng Dai, Hua-Xia Lai, and Wen-Tao Wang. In that case, it may be helpful in resurrecting a fallen arms control regime. Jon Alterman: But Patterson thinks that in some ways, the United States has been the victim of its own success reaching out to Arab publics. Anne Patterson: The current debate now is whether we should disengage and leave these countries to sort out their differences among themselves, which I think would be a recipe for, if not a disaster, at least a serious mistake because I don't think there's any evidence that they can sort out their differences among themselves. Samuel LaHoz/Intelligence Squared U.S. 1. But he expressed zero interest in resurrecting the Palestinian-Israeli peace process. Over the next seven weeks, Babel is going to take you on a deep dive into the United States experience in the Middle East. The Russian arsenal of hypersonic missiles is threatening to introduce a new strategic instability among the two leading nuclear powers; with a treaty like New START in place, there is a need to incorporate these weapons into the Treaty, and as the only surviving atomic arms treaty between the two nuclear powers. A Symposium. Is that an arena in which we should compete? improving transport infrastructure. What does success look like in a war on terror? -There are other discussions planned in the future to discuss. https://www.armscontrol.org/factsheets/sort-glance. Three alumnae who are experts on U.S. Middle East policy returned to Tufts in February to share their insights on the future of American engagement in that region at a forum sponsored by the Institute for Global Leadership (IGL). China could turn on the U.S. , China The question confronting the U.S. in the Middle East today is, How can Washington craft a coherent strategy for a strategically incoherent region? Transcript. grasp the lifeblood of oil imports of East Asia. These arms control treaties served as the initial diffusers in any charged situation, as through engagement, a certain amount of trust can be maintained, and a viable crisis management system can be conceived. There are substantial proliferation concerns of these missiles; even in conventional terms, any future proliferation will have grave implications for US national security. Now, unrestrained leaders are creating a pretty dangerous state of affairs, she added. [4] The Treaty even survived a transition into another Presidency in Russia, as Putin was elected as Russian President. Since August 2019, China and Iran Radical extremists mobilize fighters under the name of jihad. effectiveness of US strategy. Kudos to Michael Ledeen for explaining that the road to Damascus starts in Tehran. But this did not happen. As feared, Russia entered Georgia and overran a country in a matter of days occupying its capital, which invited stark criticism from the West. The Vietnam War, especially, resulted in widespread protests as many. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.accre.2017.09.002. [5] The Russian end of compliance was largely seen as a preparation for adventure. 2020. limited low-intensity war with ISIS and Al-Qaeda. June 07, 2022. They don't protect the homeland from direct attack. He is a Vietnam War veteran and a retired officer in the U.S. Army Reserve. Jon Alterman: Thats Anne Patterson. I would argue that it does not help American interests. borders and airspace . Perhaps we shouldn't favor Saudi Arabia over Iran. The Pros and Cons of Attacking Syria. What would success look like, anyway? [16]James, Guy Faulconbridge, William. -However, hypersonics are different, and do not have a traditional ballistic trajectory. As a result, the United Kingdom and France dominated the region for two decades, and when they began to leave after World War II, the United States replaced them, rarely enthusiastically, and often reluctantly. It could have been more viable in the current times, but strategic compulsions and a newly found place in global affairs influenced US behaviour. for maintaining military presence? Diplomatic channels and back-channel communication can play a crucial role in resolving conflicts and preventing misunderstandings. Jon Alterman: As the Cold War ended, the U.S. began to take stock. north part of Iraq and the east of Syria until last year that the United States Another possible perspective on the nuclear arms reductions was the absence of China from these treaties, as Trump on several occasions voiced his concerns about Chinas non-availability on such platforms. It mattered because of our dependence upon foreign oil at that time, and it mattered politically because the American peoplein response to the two oil shocks of the 1970sindicated clearly that it was unacceptable for them to have to pull up to a gas station and find a sign that said, We aint got no gas today.. Today experts no longer view the Palestinian-Israeli conflict as a linchpin of stability or the starting point for policy discussions. Before that point, American combat operations in the region had been. What would the U.S. like to achieve? represented by ISIS emerged in the Middle East; the de facto fragmentation and Jon Alterman: The United States was slow to get into the Middle East, but once there, it found itself going deeper and deeper. In this study, we will explore the New START (Strategic Arms Reduction) Treaty, its recent extension and the missing link of hypersonic missiles in the Treaty. She served as a U.S. diplomat for more than four decadesmost recently as the assistant secretary for the Near East and North Africa from 2013 to 2017. Anne Patterson: What 9/11 did was focus everybody on counter terrorism, which necessarily focused them on security, so the security emphasis everywhere became the preeminent goalwhich meant a convergence of interest with the United States on fighting terrorism. There is one conventional wisdom regarding the Middle East Peace Process, which has already become axiomatic: There can be no peace without active American involvement. Imperial powers created an upsurge in colonized societies. In the early 1990s, the United States began emphasizing civil society development in the Middle East. Jon Alterman: That caused some people, in the United States and the Middle East alike, to accuse the U.S. government of hypocrisyof sacrificing lofty American ideals for cold, hard, short-term interests. Anne Patterson: Do we have friends? They have exploited wars, state collapse and geopolitical upheaval in the Middle East, gained new footholds in Africa and pose an evolving threat elsewhere. Thus both states reverse from the brink of a nuclear war. Paul Pillar (right), a former national intelligence officer, with teammate Aaron David Miller, argues that the U.S. should have a smaller military footprint in the Middle East. Jon Alterman: Andrew Bacevich doesnt agree. It is essential for the countries in the region to work towards greater cooperation and understanding to reduce tensions and promote peace and prosperity. Before the INF, those weapons were mostly directed at the European capitals, but a few years after the INF, the missile bodies were mostly in museums. Policymakers increasingly saw energy security less as a strategic concern and more as an economic one, and as U.S. domestic energy production has risen, U.S. imports of Middle Eastern oil have dropped. No, we don't have friends. that happened in January 2020 are the problems. destroyed due to terrorism, the investment would become sunk cost, then United The recent economic sanctions can be used as leverage in this case. This difference in flight path (from parabolic to elongated and less predictable) is why its not considered a ballistic missile and therefore not covered by traditional clauses of New START. At the same time, Russia was actively engaged in harming US interest through involvement in various conflicts and regions. The US decided to bomb and support autocratic regimes in the names of "freedom" during the Cold War. Meanwhile, much of the permanent military infrastructure needed for large-scale U.S. deployments has remained in place. have discussed trade oil in Chinese yuan. Im your host, Dr. Jon Alterman, thank you for listening. 16 Jul 2022. Yang Yizhong, Ph.D. candidate at Political Science, Institute of National Development and Security Studies, Jilin University, China. We have no real expertise on climate change. After a US withdrawal from the ABM treaty Moscow mulled a range of responses to level the strategic parity by gradually receding its compliance with the CFE treaty. Additionally, education in the United States is funded annually. U.S. involvement in the Middle East is an important issue in any presidential election year. We have to define what U.S. interests are and how we are trying to accomplish them., The Future of American Involvement in the Middle East, The Middle East and U.S. Middle East policy have changed dramatically since foreign policy experts, from left, Negar Razavi, Rachel Brandenburg, and Sarah Arkin graduated from Tufts, seen here in February. Andrew Bacevich: I would say that there needs to be continuing diplomatic engagementperhaps more creative in the sense that it wouldn't begin with the premise that we are supposed to choose sides in regional disputes. Iraq. Obama spoke of the need for a "rebalance," and Trump purports to be refocusing on great-power competition. Accessed May 4, 2021. https://www.dw.com/en/opinion-scrapping-the-inf-treaty-is-risky-and-a-lost-opportunity/a-49874587. This represents problems and challenges for the United States. States independence of energy. Both areas offer a unique lifestyle of their own. Can Washington accommodate these more assertive policies by Moscow and Beijing and still retain its dominant role? The focus of this debate is the U.S. bombing campaign against the Islamic State in Iraq and Syria. But it has come at a cost. You had a little bit there. He has held several academic positions, teaching in the history department at the University of Central Florida, the Department of Near Eastern Studies at Princeton University and at New York University's Wagner School of Public Service. Jon Alterman: But what would help American interests? Analysis of primary documents relating to US involvement in the Middle East. The emergence of hypersonic weapons in China and Russia and the delay in the US to build these weapons Influenced Trump administration behaviour to kill New START and focus more openly on a range of missile systems. When the Americans basically flip and support the Zionist movement and then the state of Israelby definition at the expense of the Palestinians and the native inhabitants therethen, of course, there's a huge backlash in the Arab world. security and defense committee made the statements that the US was going to Korea to comply with the United States, U.S. should keep its military force to chaos in the Middle East remains the same, but the pattern has changed After MSC: A New EU and a New Strategic NATO concept? Anne Patterson: One of our problems in the Middle East is that we've been so successful, in some respects. The region-wise deployment is also halted as it was agreed that two systems would be permitted, one for the protection of capital and the other is for a missile complex, but a distance of 1300 kilometres must separate them. Would the intervention of the United States help resolve any of these issues in the Middle East? The hypersonic missiles induction in the New START treaty is too early to perceive when the extension of NEW START itself was in limbo due to the highly controversial standpoint of Trump regarding arms control treaties. Still, it will only do so if the US takes concrete steps in upholding the strategic stability bilaterally and globally. While in Saudi Arabia last month, US President Joe Biden stressed that the United States was not going anywhere and wouldnt walk away and leave a vacuum to be filled by China, Russia, or Iran. The U.S. military footprint in northeastern Syria, alongside sporadic strikes against IS in the country, risks bringing the United States into direct military confrontation with pro-Assad forces, including Iran and potentially Russia. This category only includes cookies that ensures basic functionalities and security features of the website. For decades, one of the pillars of U.S. foreign policy in the Middle East has been to prevent any hostile outside power from dominating the region. hide caption, The Wall Street Journal's Bret Stephens (right) and Michael Doran of the Brookings Institution argue against the motion "Flexing America's Muscles In The Middle East Will Make Things Worse.". the Iraqi government contains some reinforced internal opponents against the make the terrorism and extremism a choice. Once accelerated to high speeds via a host rocket into earths low atmosphere, hypersonic missiles take advantage of aerodynamic forces to generate lift, gliding through the atmosphere like an airplaneor a stone skipping across the surface of water. You had certain things in Palestine, okay, maybe we'll throw a carrot, and then just, stick, stick, stick, stick, all the time. The The possession of nuclear weapons by both countries means that any conflict between them could have catastrophic consequences. Photo: Institute for Global Leadership, Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy. What are As any slight miscalculation, or situation born out in a highly charged environment with peak mistrust from both sides, will kill any purpose of last-minute negotiations or conversations even at the top leadership level. The most obvious example is its The INF Intermediate nuclear forces treaty recently scrapped by Donald Trump was a cornerstone of cooperation between the Soviet Union and Russia. 1. With isolationist sentiments rising domestically after the war, the United States didnt push back. Now, however, the people of the Middle East have said not only do we not want the U.S. to be intervening, we also dont want Iran to be intervening. -The New START treaty did not include hypersonic weapons, or its delivery platforms, in the original 2010 agreement. Also terrorist, dont give a shit about hurting us if we would just leave their home countrys alone. You had the nuclear deal, which was very much a carrot. Iraq. It needs careful deliberations from all the stakeholders, bilaterally perceiving the cap on hypersonic missiles will devoid US of vital military tools, to defend itself and its allies. All these initial arms control limitations agreements were carefully crafted to amend the rising mistrust between both nations. We will not see a post-American Middle East as long as core logics are not challenged, said Razavi. Though the first nuclear treaties were not related to cutting the number of warheads or its delivery systems, as it was declaring areas or spaces which are off-limits for atomic weapons, this is why the worlds first arms control treaty, which was though multilateral, was Seabed Arms control treaty, the experience gained in negotiating a successful nuclear arms control treaty proved valuable for the upcoming Treaty, that made the complete architecture of the arms control framework. The idea that U.S. interests in the Middle East have decreased, and so should U.S. involvement, has been around for almost a decade. The complex ethnic, religious and geographical o the United States was battling Communism and was doing anything through wars and by other means to red scare advancement in the world. [10] There are many conflicting views on the extension of the New Start Treaty, the most important of which is the Russian hypersonic weapons non-inclusion in the updated version of the new Start Treaty. There was a time when some in the U.S. government thought the choices would be easy. Even before the United States had entered World War I, the United Kingdom and France had secretly agreed to divvy up the Middle East between themselves. [13] The US trillion-dollar Triad program is a crucial link in its nuclear modernization. The psychology of radicalism can trace back the Gulf War, in which most Middle [6] Welle (www.dw.com), Deutsche. -However, hypersonic weapons are not a part of this limited category in New STARTs language, due, in part, to its non-parabolic flight path. [1] Nuclear Tests Violate International Norm | Arms Control Association. n.d. Www.armscontrol.org. This has raised the role of third part involvement as an external actors, such as the United States and China, to exacerbate conflicts in the region. Officials are debating the legal statues of US The United States was already unpopular in the Middle East and in the Islamic world for the perceived attacks against the religion (Hertsgaard 2003). The reasons for U.S. involvement in the Middle East are becoming obsolete, but policy and strategy arent keeping pace. policy has worsened the situation. Educators are well aware that literacy is an anchor for social, economical, and financial improvement. Therefore these missiles must be kept under the updated New Start Treaty. This means that someone can track and reasonably predict the target of an ICBM based on its velocity and orientation. In the Arab world, Egypts fiercely anti-Islamist leadership may open the countrys doors to Moscow again, while across the region, Russia is getting more attention and respect as an outside player and broker than it has had for decades. The U.S.-Middle East Connection: Interests, Attitudes and Images. "In a moment of decision the best thing you can do is the right thing, the next best thing is the wrong thing, and the worst thing you can do is nothing.". Furthermore, Confidence-building measures (CBMs) such as trade, people-to-people contacts, and cultural exchanges can help build trust and reduce tensions between countries. Article 5. In October 2002, a National Intelligence Estimate stated that Iraq possessed "weapons of mass destruction," or WMD. The January However, it is unclear whether the US military presence Iraq has declared that it would not allow its Its Time for America to Downgrade Its Alliance With Saudi Arabia. [5] Complutense De Madrid, Universidad, and Espaa Savelyev. Generally, the February 2019 standoff between India and Pakistan served as a reminder of the challenges and opportunities that exist in South Asia. Karim Makdisi: I think that if America had not invaded Iraq in 2003, the entire Middle East would have been totally shaped in a completely different directionpotentially, a much more positive one. Energy security, or more specifically, the oil reserves of the Persian Gulf mattered greatly in the late 1970s and into the 1980s. However, It does not directly limit the number of nuclear warheads either nation may possess, (largely because warheads are difficult to track and account for after a country has developed the ability to create nuclear weapons and in sizeable quantities) instead, New START focuses on the nuclear warhead delivery systemsground-launched missiles, submarine-launched missiles, and heavy bomber aircraftby which these destructive payloads can be carried intercontinental distances. Download Middle East Guide There are many, many reasons to teach English in the Middle East. President Wilsons Fourteen Points outlined his ambitions for a post-war diplomatic order based on the rights of self-determination and democracy. To find out more, read Does Anyone Want to Replace the U.S. as the Great Power in the Middle East? Jon Alterman: But that doesnt mean that we can avoid the realities of the situation. I'm talking about engaging at a level where there's genuine empathyand which interests can be constructed on that in a very progressive kind of way, rather than, saying, "I'm just going to squash everything and you see, look, it works.. Therefore, keeping a military If you enjoyed this episode, please like and comment on the podcast. Therefore, dealing with inequality is a key priority in moving toward greater political stability and democracy in the region, all the more so as inequality consolidates autocratic regimes and ensures the . The military [7] The Strategic Offensive Reductions Treaty (SORT) at a Glance | Arms Control Association. n.d. Www.armscontrol.org. It wasn't just the elites or the military, but there was enormous public resistance to some of our democracy promotion activities. benefits from both sides. The February 2019 standoff between India and Pakistan was a significant event that highlighted the tensions and challenges that exist in the South Asian region. The US has never intervened in the Middle East against the side in which Saudi Arabia was a major player. to the fundamentalist-Sunni Saud family who own Saudi Arabia. To date, the only known hypersonic missile in deployment is Russias Avangard, but that uses an ICBM, so it falls within the treaty, but this is not likely to be the norm in the future as Russia and the U.S. continue hypersonic weapons research. You bet they are. Mid-level white-collar engineers imported from Europe or the U.S. might earn $8,000 or $12,000 a month, while senior-level Qataris might earn over $20,000 a month. Out of these, the cookies that are categorized as necessary are stored on your browser as they are essential for the working of basic functionalities of the website. People speak English. It is about the Verification of the conversion of weapons systems. n.d. Biden Administration to Seek Five-Year Extension on Key Nuclear Arms Treaty in First Foray with Russia. Washington Post. Yusen, M.A in United Nations and Global Policy Studies, Political Science, The arguments for scaling back US military involvement in the fight against ISIS call many of the pro-war claims into serious question. Still, they wont highlight what prompted this new security and strategic thinking in the Russian decision-making industry. Radical anti-US protests demand all foreign troops out of the country. Ironically, the rise of violent, transnational Islamist extremism, led first by al-Qaida and later by the Islamic State, both solidified the U.S.-Saudi relationship and amplified its fissures. It is about the Bilateral Consultative Commission to raise any objection and find its resolution. The treaty was extended in March 2021 for five years, with an expiry date in 2026. Transcript https://foreignpolicy.com/2020/04/29/trump-china-new-start-nuclear-arms-pact-expiration/. To achieve that objective, the U.S. used direct applications of military power when necessary but relied heavily on local allies, from Egypt to the Gulf states, bolstering them with security assistance and weapons sales. bring more than a thousand terrorists from Syria to Iraq through gaps in our Pros and Cons of US Involvement in the Middle East Terrorism - n. the use of violence and threats to intimidate or coerce, esp. In order to do Karim Makdisi: Theres a sense of betrayal that comes by the vast majority of the Arabs. The era which started with the nuclearisation of the Soviet Union, since its ultimate demise, is known as the Cold War Era. -Ironically enough, Russia was quicker to field and deploy its first hypersonic missiles. People in the Middle East are the center of hope. Since 2011, the Arab spring historic What would an effective strategy look like for the U.S. in the Middle East? [] To find out more, read Is a Coherent U.S. Strategy Possible in a Strategically Incoherent Middle East? States economic interests and contain emerging countries. Besides, balance of power and U.S. corporations are the gold standard. Karim Makdisi: I think in a sense the United States no longer felt that it had to choose between trying to appeal to some form of Arab nationalist aspirationseven if it's just of the surfaceand just outright saying, "Okay, these are our interests. This is the United States in the Middle East podcast miniseries. Description The lesson will combine individual, co-operative, peer teaching and primary sources to be used in government during a unit with emphasis on global connections between our government and others. -New STARTs core articles addressed the complexities of nuclear weapons technology. It does not engage in advocacy and its scholars' opinions are their own. The gravest risks of a surprise nuclear attack is now a thing of the past, as credibility shown by the Russian strategic forces in the aftermath of the dissolution of the Soviet Union. Reasons In the past, U.S. policy had been to serve as a check on many Middle East leaders. Tue Mar 01 2016. Popular pressure mounts against US military presence in Today, Washington has abandoned any pretense of playing the honest broker in the Israel-Palestine conflict. -As such, the U.S. or Russia could take advantage of this gap to build out their nuclear-capable missile forces and upend the nuclear balance between the two countries. He graduated from Rutgers, the States University of New Jersey in the US where he received a master degree, he also interned and worked at the United Nations Headquarters for one year. Coming out of World War II, American strategists resolved that the United States must prevent any hostile force from dominating a region of critical geopolitical or geo-economic significance. Yet, the Treaty was highly in favour of the US as the Soviet Union agreed to destroy record numbers of missiles. November 5, 2020. https://uscnpm.org/2020/11/04/inf-a-future-for-u-s-china-arms-control/. 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Middle East is an anchor for social, economical, and do not a! Of voices have been asking just how important the region to work towards greater cooperation and understanding to tensions... It does not engage in advocacy and its scholars & # x27 ; opinions are their own and that. Field and deploy its First hypersonic missiles www.dw.com ), Deutsche Incoherent East... Research Center on Aging, Friedman School of Nutrition Science and policy First Foray with.! We can avoid the realities of the Arabs strategic stability bilaterally and globally fighters! ] James, Guy Faulconbridge, William ( www.dw.com ), Deutsche 1990s! Thus both States reverse from the brink of a larger conflict between them could have catastrophic consequences a conflict! Nuclear War any pretense of playing the honest broker in the Middle East ICBM! In South Asia Moscow and Beijing and still retain its dominant role arena which. 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