Tehuledere Woreda Information and Communication Office; Annual Report Bulletin, Haiq, Ethiopia; 2014. PMC It is not publicly known how much CIA staff who have . http://infectiousdiseases.edwardworthlibrary.ie/theory-of-contagion/, https://www.researchgate.net/publication/271813803_The_Doctrine_of_the_Three_Humors_in_Traditional_Indian_Medicine_and_the_Alleged_Antiquity_of_Tamil_Siddha_Medicine, https://www.nlpworld.co.uk/meta_health/meta-medicine-summary-biological-law/, https://www.jstor.org/stable/2862709?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents, https://www.slideshare.net/singh_br1762/theories-of-disease-causation, AP Biology Syllabus and Course Description (2020), The Ontario Curriculum Grade 11 Biology Syllabus, Cambridge AS and A Level Biology 9700 Syllabus 2022-2024, IB Biology Syllabus (Latest Core + Optional Topics). Beliefs on the causes of birth defects as perceived by mothers of children with birth defects in a tertiary care hospital in the Philippines. For the followers of indigenous faith, ones health status is not balanced without the nature-spirit connection. Research has linked social isolation and loneliness to higher risks for a variety of physical and mental conditions: high blood pressure, heart disease, obesity, a weakened immune system, anxiety, depression, cognitive decline, Alzheimer's disease, and even death. The provision of culturally competent health care is an important professional issue recognized by the pioneer genetic counselors in the Philippines. Thus for many indigenous peoples, including those in the current study, when health is restored through the use of biomedicine, it is still necessary to conduct ritual acknowledgment of the nature-spirit intervention as part of the recovery process [27]. 8600 Rockville Pike 4th ed. The absence of peace and happiness that comes from families fighting, and from them being not supportive of one another were all aspects that were viewed by the women participants as being key contributors to illnesses. Google Scholar. Named for the village of Nok, site of some of the finds, the ancient culture produced fine terra-cotta figurines, which were accidentally discovered by tin miners on the Jos Plateau in the 1930s. So if he is able to work well and come back home without any stress, he becomes healthy [Male, Study Community # 1]. Mystical causes are often attributed to experiences or behaviors such as ancestral retribution for unfinished tasks or obligations. It is often construed as a medical condition associated with specific symptoms and signs. Qallicha: A person known, among traditional Muslim Ethiopians, to have special spiritual power and knowledge; he is believed to be capable of forecasting the future as well as revealing hidden facts, causing illnesses and resolving individuals problems. In: Nichter M, editor. Beattie J, Middleton J, editors. Foster M, Anderson B. This study explored the indigenous beliefs of ill-health causation among those living in the Tehuledere Woreda /district/ in North East Ethiopia from a socio-cultural perspective. Qualitative content analysis was used. commun.). The wadaja prayers we observed on various occasions were directed to obtaining peace, health, wealth, seasonal rain, good harvest, protection from misfortune, safety for children and cattle, etc. New York: Africana Publishing Corporation; 1969. p. XXXXI. California Privacy Statement, They speak Amharic, Ethiopias official language. A Descriptive and Phenomenological Exploration of the Spiritual Needs of Chinese Children Hospitalized with Cancer. Would you like email updates of new search results? It was the golden age of bacteriology. Activate your 30 day free trialto unlock unlimited reading. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2022 Jan. Yehya NA, Dutta MJ. An official website of the United States government. Now customize the name of a clipboard to store your clips. All qualitative data from participant observations, in-depth interviews, fieldwork, personal memos and informal conversations were organized using NVivo 10 computer software. Other studies suggest that different societies give varying degrees of importance to theories of natural compared to supernatural causes of illness [1113]. Social Research Methods. The researchers pursued various strategies to assure the quality of the qualitative data. Perhaps one of the more interesting findings of this study was that health is also perceived to be related to peace, happiness, social connections and social support. In these communities, illness is perceived to have supernatural (e.g., almighty God/ Allah, nature spirits, and human agents of the supernatural), natural (e.g., environmental sanitation and personal hygiene, poverty, biological and psychological factors) and societal causes (e.g., social trust, experiences of family support and harmony; and violation of social taboos). The relevance of traditional medicinal cultures to modern primary health care. Medicine finally shed the rags of dogma and superstition and put on the robes of scientific knowledge. Clipboard, Search History, and several other advanced features are temporarily unavailable. This theory led to explanation of several outbreaks of cholera, plague and malaria (Mal-aria= bad air). 2007;2:942. A.A. 2015. Dr. Bhoj R singh, Principal Scientist (VM) He was able to use existing networks and contacts within the indigenous institutions, including traditional leaders and local health officials, thereby gaining access to a very wide cross-section of people. The views presented in the article are of the authors and do not necessarily express the views of the funding organization. Consequently for many indigenous people, attempts to restore wellbeing through the utilization of biomedicine must include customary affirmation of the nature-spirit intercession as a feature of the recuperation process. Social, economic and biological factors interact to drive a vicious cycle of poverty and disease from which, for many people, there is no escape." In short, poverty is instrumental in cultivating conditions that allow disease to spread. Environmental sanitation is one key cause of illnesses that was recognized by all participants: The water around the lake has altered its nature. Terms and Conditions, What are Demonic and divine Theory and Ecological theory of disease? Negative correlation is when an increase in A leads to a decrease in B or vice versa. We would like to thank the study participants and Tehuledere Woreda Health Bereau staff, as well as our research assistants for their great support to facilitate the data collection of study. Epidemiological characterisation of Burkholderia cepacia complex (Bcc) from c Major flaws in Animal Disease Control Leading to Partial Success or Failure.pptx, Animal Disease Control Programs in India.ppt, Control and Eradication of Animal diseases.pptx, Vaccines in India- Problems and solutions.pptx, Conventional and non conventional antibiotic alternatives. Germ theory emerged in the 19th Century, but it built on two notions that had earlier incarnations. 2nd ed. In Step 1, age was entered. The common types of diseases in Nigeria are; Malaria Malaria is a risk for 97% of Nigeria's population. We recommend that local governing bodies take into account community beliefs about illness causation when developing and implementing health promotion and disease prevention strategies. Cultural theories of crime provide distinct frameworks to understand the influence of human agency, social forces, and peers on behavior. GERM THEORY Germ theory: Microbes (germs) were found to be the cause for many known diseases. The focus groups lasted 1.52 h and were moderated by MHK, who has training in advanced qualitative research methods. Unfortunately, the mainstream health education and primary health care system in the region focus almost exclusively on natural causes of ill health such as sanitation and infection. Respecting autonomous decision making among Filipinos: a re-emphasis in genetic counseling. Second, it offered a new biological specificity for the class of diseases that had been the most significant historically. A belief of disease causation where it is thought illness is caused by misbehavior or intervention of a supernatural being. This paper argues that disease etiology is the key to cross-cultural comparison of non- Western medical systems. Unit 10: Causation z ti f Ci t i lCriteria for causality Association vs. Causation zDifferent models zDifferent Philosophies zHills' Criteria D A S hDr. Epidemiological triad includes Environment, Agent & host. 4. Epub 2016 Sep 11. However, it is important to define illness and disease differently when considering some non-western cultural traditions. The sociobiology theory puts forth the idea that biology is the basis for . Following introductory discussions with community leaders/representatives, ten focus group discussion sessions (one all male and one all-female in each kebele) were conducted. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier Saunders. There are 23 Kebeles (the smallest local administrative unit) administered by the Woreda, including 19 rural, 2 urban and 2 semi-urban towns. Sicknesses, epidemics, contagious diseases and even death were explained in terms of punishment by enraged qolle spirits. [Female, Study Community # 2]. germ theory, in medicine, the theory that certain diseases are caused by the invasion of the body by microorganisms, organisms too small to be seen except through a microscope. Acute and Chronic Malnutrition. We've encountered a problem, please try again. The ascription of misfortunes to natural objects pervaded by spirits (e.g., qolle or quteb) was observed to be common in the study population. In testing our hypothesis on whether cultural beliefs of infant mortality among working mothers in Nigeria would vary by age, education, and income, we used a hierarchical linear regression analysis to better understand the independent effects of each variable. TWIO. Predictors of cultural competence among nursing students in the Philippines: A cross-sectional study. Such infections, according to the theory, were not passed between individuals but would affect those within a locale that gave rise to such vapors. More than half (n=53) reported that they were illiterate, i.e., didnt read and write Amharic. In: Morse JM, Swansen JM, Kuzel A, editors. We've updated our privacy policy. 2006;20(2):12734. In addition, they shared beliefs about natural causes of illness such as infection or lack of nutrition. The participants in the study communities believe that if they honour the spirits, they will be rewarded by good health and that if the spirits are forgotten or ignored, the protection they provide may be withdrawn which will lead to illness or death. This theory indicates that although modern medicine and laboratory science have significantly impacted the decline of mortality, the process of disease causation is far more complex than the. In total 20 individuals, with age range of 3775 years old, participated in in-depth interviews including 11 men and 9 women. While nationalistic disease theories explain disease in . The study participants attribute many ailments to withdrawal of nature spiritsFootnote 1 (e.g., qolle or quteb, wuqabi, awlia, zar and jinn) protection and wrath. Some live healthy from their childhood without [enough] food or health care. Learn faster and smarter from top experts, Download to take your learnings offline and on the go. Soc Sci Med. If Allah wants you to stay healthy, you stay healthy. Almost all the focus group participants emphasized the importance of God/Allah in their day-to-day lives without whom they said it is impossible to secure health. Focus groups and interviews continued until the data in the key emerging themes were saturated (i.e., key points were repeated and no significant new information was emerging) [16, 17]. In 1877, Robert Koch (1843-1910) showed that anthrax was caused by a bacteria. As part of this endeavor, we will describe in this paper seven common Filipino cultural beliefs: namamana, lihi, sumpa, gaba, pasma, namaligno, and kaloob ng Diyos. New York: Oxford University press; 2012. I have never gone to modern health centers. This study aimed to explore the socio-cultural context of indigenous beliefs regarding ill-health among five Tehuledere communities found in the Amhara Regional State of Ethiopia. According to this theory, it is important to distinguish between beliefs about the natural and supernatural causes of illness and disease. 93 0 obj <>stream Int Orthop. Geneva: Jossy-Bass World Wide Review; 2007. The focus groups included questions about the meaning of illnesses and health, as well as perceptions about the causes of illnesses and health (see Additional file 1 for the complete focus group guide). The idea that the wadaja could ward off illnesses and restore health seems to have been the major reason for the persistence and popularity of the ritual. I have seen people become amputees and paralyzed [Male, Study Community # 1]. Nurse Educ Today. Witchcraft beliefs in diseases causation and health-seeking behaviour in pregnancy of women in Calabar South-Nigeria . One way to provide a bridge between the indigenous beliefs in supernatural causes of illness causation of the study community and health education based on modern science appears to be the health extension workers who have knowledge of both worlds. Because if he lies and then touches the Rekebot, he will have skin disease; his child or cattle will die [Male, Study Community # 2]. A. Human supernatural agents, such as Sihir or Woliy, Qallicha, Abagar and Debtera, are believed by the Tehuledere people to be an embodiment of higher spirits capable of casting a spell resulting in ill health. 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