Several important media outlets have described this gap already, and a new report from the European Council on Foreign Relations contains compelling survey data documenting it. United States, In addition, over 6 million Syrians have been displaced from their homes due to the conflict, with the majority seeking refuge in neighboring countries such as Turkey, Jordan, Lebanon, and Iraq.if(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[320,50],'coalitionbrewing_com-medrectangle-3','ezslot_3',146,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-coalitionbrewing_com-medrectangle-3-0'); The war began in 2011 as part of the Arab Spring movement, when peaceful demonstrations calling for the resignation of Syrian president Bashar al-Assad were violently suppressed by Assads forces. 2014, History: Other significant events of the 20th century include the establishment of the United Nations (1945), the Indian independence movement (1947), the Chinese Revolution (1949), the Space Race (19571975), the Vietnam War (19561975), the Cuban Missile Crisis (1962), and the fall of the Berlin Wall (1989). standing, Ukrainians are determined to keep fighting, and the West has so far stayed resolute in its support of Ukraine. Over the course of the war, 610,000 people died, more than in any other war the United States has fought. Total war Tageting civilians Hitlers ultimate goal Living space big enough for a whole new german country and enslave slavic people Warsaw ghetto Where the jews got sent to when theyre homes and jobs got taken away half a million people went where only 50 thousand people are allowed to live German blitz They were effective and not effective Even if Moscow holds onto territory, the war has wrecked its future. . By the end of the century over 75% of . In the end, the war ended with a divided Korean peninsula. World War II had an estimated 50 million to 80 million casualties, while World War I had an estimated 10 million to 15 million casualties. NATIONAL HISTORY STANDARDS Civilians at War fulfills the following National Standards for History for grades 5-12: Chronological thinking, historical comprehension, historical . For starters, people outside the West view the rules-based order and Western insistence that states not violate international law as rank hypocrisy, and they were particularly resentful of Western attempts to claim the moral high ground on this issue. This video is very important, however the subject matter includes graphic scenes of war crimes during WWII. There is now little doubt that Putin failed in his initial goals: Kyiv is still Show morestanding, Ukrainians are determined to keep fighting, and the West has so far stayed resolute in its support of Ukraine. Ever since Washington passed its Inflation Reduction Act, which provides subsidies and investment opportunities for clean energy initiatives, a cShow morehorus of lawmakers in Europe and Asia have begun to say the United States is fostering unfair competition. 75 minutes), World War II was a total global conflict that affected and changed not only the lives of soldiers fighting the war but also those of non-combatants living in war zones. The biggest war ever recorded was World War II, which lasted from 1939 to 1945 and involved over 30 different countries at various points. Join FPs Ravi Agrawal for a frank discussion about the Biden administrations China policy and alternatives that it ought to consider. 1427 E. 60th Street Chicago, IL 60637 USA. The conflict in Korea was the first "hot war" of the superpower confrontation between the United States and the Soviet Union. Note Taking Guide for Students: This is essentially a blank section to take notes in. Ukraines economy and infrastructure have been dealt blows that will take decades to recover from. Yet, despite these losses, American forces are still remembered for their courage and dedication to the cause for which they fought, and these failures have been recognized more as strategic failures than losses on the battlefield. The global souths measured stance does not mean it is pro-Russian; it means those states are merely as self-interested as other countries are. Since 2011, this conflict has claimed the lives of over 500,000 people, the vast majority of whom are civilian non-combatants, according to the Syrian Observatory for Human Rights. OBJECTIVES Students will analyze the effects of the twentieth century on American life, political institutions, economics, foreign policy and culture. How many people died in World War II? The questions address the broad themes in the video, follow the order of the videos content, and allow students to get the most out of Peter Jennings's engaging and factually-accurate story-telling.Now with a link to a Google Doc of this resource! Additionally, the century saw a number of ethnic conflicts and revolutions. The 20th century was the bloodiest in history for a variety of reasons. Quizzes with auto-grading, and real-time student data. The Century: America's Time - Civilians at War. It can be argued that Adolph Hitler has had the most impact of any one person in the twentieth century. Its Army was . Download the new FP mobile app to read anytime, anywhere. The principle of not targetting non-combatants is the reason most people think the use of mass bombing or nuclear weapons is unethical. Usernames may be updated at any time and must not contain inappropriate or offensive language. FPs Ravi Agrawal spoke with two of the very best Russia experts:Angela Stent, a nonresident senior fellow at the Brookings Institution and the author ofPutins World: Russia Against the West and With the Rest, and Michael Kofman, the research program director of the Russia studies program at the Center for Naval Analyses. On the next episode of the American Century we will look at _____. Most of the people I spoke with expect a continued grinding stalemate, perhaps leading to a cease-fire some months from now. 7. Who did Hitler target for extermination in the . Varied bunch of colorful 60mm plastic pirates. An expert's point of view on a current event. This episode details the struggle of civilians on all sides during the war from Jews in Europe to the Japanese at Hiroshima and Nagasaki. By the end of the century over 75% of those killed in war were civilians. No, America has not lost a battle. If Biden cant deliver what hes promised, then what looks like a compelling demonstration of U.S. leadership today will look a lot less impressive a year from now. On Washington Wednesday, current events on Capitol Hill; on World Tour, the latest international news; and printing plastic musical instruments. Western aid for Ukraine is not aiming for victory; therefore, the real goal is to put Kyiv in a position to strike a favorable bargain when the time comes. Protection of Civilian Persons in Time of War of August 12, 1949 Civilians in areas of armed conflict and occupied territories are protected by the 159 articles of the Fourth Geneva Convention. living space vast enough for New German country, enslave racial inferior. In World War 2 more than 50% of those who died were civilians. By one estimate from Harvard University, more than 130,000 Ukrainian soldiers have been killed or severely wounded, in addition to the deaths of more than 7,000 Ukrainian civilians. It was the first time and, to date, the last time that armies from the United States and the People's Republic of China confronted each other directly on the battlefield. The Civil War also led to the development of technologies such as the telegraph, steamships, and railroads. In private, however, the conversations were much more somber. Instead they found bitterness and discontent and . Your guide to the most important world stories of the day. if(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[300,250],'coalitionbrewing_com-box-4','ezslot_2',147,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-coalitionbrewing_com-box-4-0');As a result, the fighting has been incredibly destructive, with heavy shelling and airstrikes resulting in massive civilian casualties. The lasting effects of the Civil War remain evident today, both in terms of the physical scars left on the land and in terms of the cultural heritage of the nation. In addition, World War IIs casualties included military personnel from more than 30 countries, while World War Is casualties were primarily from Europe. These videos are accessible on YouTube. <> endobj Why did civilians become targets in World War 2? World War II also saw the development of several new weapons, including nuclear weapons, which would lead to even more destruction and loss of life. soldiers who have been wounded or who have surrendered, this hasn't always been so - armies used to make a point of butchering enemy wounded or those who surrendered, although soldiers who surrender shouldn't be killed, it's quite legitimate to make them prisoners so that they can't attack you again, military personnel clearly identified as having specifically non-combatant roles such as medical staff and chaplains, such personnel are often injured or killed because their job takes them into the most dangerous parts of the battle. This episode analyzes the human costs of total warfare. While acknowledging that difficult days lie ahead, the focus in Munich was on the victory that would one day be won. The Century: America's Time is a 15-part television series of documentaries produced by ABC News about the 20th century and the rise of the United States as a superpower. Db"j,=\R6Pym^RHA'|z/'g,6Y3I,%yI]F`mh~@-x5cL+Q^C2R'v$. Secondly, two World Wars were fought in the century, with a combined death toll of over 80 million people. International conventions specify that countries should not allow children under 15 to participate in hostilities or to be recruited into the armed forces. Russia is now heavily sanctionedunderstandablywhereas the United States gives Israel generous economic and military aid as well as uses its veto to shield Israel from criticism in the U.N. Security Council. For its part, Washington has made a series of policy choices over the last few years that can be summed Show moreup as tough on Beijing, even seeking to contain the rise of the worlds second-biggest economy. These engagements typically ended in an armistice and/or diplomatic solution that resulted in a draw or stalemate. The Russian president got many things wrong about invading Ukrainebut not everything. Keep up with the world without stopping yours. While the US did not lose any of these wars, American military members did bear the brunt of the casualties and suffered great losses on the battlefield. In the aftermath of the war, borders were redrawn and new nations were created. <>/ExtGState<>/Font<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageB/ImageC/ImageI] >>/MediaBox[ 0 0 612 792] /Contents 4 0 R/Group<>/Tabs/S/StructParents 0>> War and Social Theory: A Critique of the Fusion Theory in Social Theory - Lars Bo Kaspersen Genesis of the Civilian in the Western World, 1500-2000 - Gunner Lind Military and Civilian in Fifteenth- and Sixteenth-Century Denmark - Jeppe Bchert Netterstrm War Observed at a Distance: Media Coverage and Attitudes to War in Denmark, 1939-1940 - Palle Roslyng-Jensen The Syrian government receives support from the Russian military and from the Lebanese militia group Hezbollah, while the rebels are backed by a number of countries, including the United States, Turkey, and various Gulf states. Terms in this set (8) Hitlers ultimate goal. The following is a transcript of an interview with CIA director William Burns that aired on "Face the Nation" on Sunday, Feb. 26, 2023. msn back to msn home news Skip To Navigation More ways to stay updated on global news: By submitting your email, you agree to the Privacy Policy and Terms of Use and to receive email correspondence from us. This product can be u, The Century: America's Time - 1941-1945: Civilians At War ( part II) Here is what is included in this 5 page download: 1. They say that all the citizens of the enemy country should be regarded as combatants. Relations between the United States and China seem to be getting frostier by the day. During the early 20th century, US forces were attacked during the Spanish-American War, when the US invaded Cuba, Guam, Puerto Rico, and the Philippines. There are times included for where each question is located at in for both videos (relative based on which version of the video you have). Is the Biden administrations China policy too hawkish? The lecture sheet, also linked above, is. The war in Ukraine dominated the proceedings, of course, and there were two important dividing lines in the collective conversation. The doctrine of double effect can't be used to defend the use of weapons of mass destruction, such as non-precision nuclear weapons, area bombing, or chemical or biological weapons used against a population in general, since these are so indiscriminate in effect that civilian casualties can't be regarded as a secondary result. Get the latest updates on new releases, special offers, and media highlights when you subscribe to our email lists! This is the sixth in the series for Peter Jennings The Century: America's Time - (6) Civilians at War. Weekly update on developments in India and its neighbors. The development of new weapons, the strategic targeting of civilians by Axis powers, and the larger geographical scope of the war contributed to the larger death toll in World War II. The most pointed criticisms of the war are coming from those charged with fighting it. <> World War IIs battles took place in many more locations around the world, including Europe, North Africa, East Asia, the Pacific Islands, and more. <>>> Read more. 2. 2. %PDF-1.5 Is the Biden administrations China policy too hawkish? if(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[250,250],'coalitionbrewing_com-large-mobile-banner-2','ezslot_8',152,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-coalitionbrewing_com-large-mobile-banner-2-0');The most brutal war in United States history was undoubtedly the Civil War, which occurred between 1861 and 1865. WWII Lecture Part 1, Sections 3A2 - 3B5 (the end of Part 1) This is a continuation and end of the WWII Part 1 Lecture. Western pundits often admire autocrats for getting things done. For the first time in history, more civilians than soldiers are killed during wartime. minutes and Max said 'no more civilian clothes.' It was a very bad time. What will another year of war look like? Delivered Thursday. This can be developed into two principles: While there is general agreement that only combatants are legitimate targets, the issue of who actually is a combatant is much less clear. The guides utilize the language of the video and help students to track and focus on the information. Join FPs Ravi Agrawal for a wide-ranging conversation with U.S. Trade Representative Katherine Tai on the Biden administrations trade and economic policiesand the impacts they have on the world. The 20th century was characterized by social and political conflict, transformative scientific and technological advances, and numerous wars and natural disasters. There have been a number of military conflicts throughout the nations history that have not gone the way of the U.S., but there has never been an outright defeat or loss of a battle. Part 6, "Civilians at War" tells the story of WWII from the invasion of Western Europe through the Atomic Bomb. $8.99 own people to the brink of destruction. Warsaw ghetto. This video question sheet is designed to go along with The Century: America's Time, episode 6--Civilians at War (1941-1945). The Century: America's Time - Civilians at War. The Century, America's Time is a series done by ABC in the 1990's that tells the story of the twentieth century, a century dominated by technology, destruction, and a time when America became the world's greatest economic and political power. 4. What can we glean from the current state of play on the battlefield? The first is on the ground and in the skies. 2 0 obj Although the United States has won a number of battles, it has certainly experienced its share of defeats. C16Z;K;lKRQl96hHCRe__~e|\w?=?LkO.$/4SytV\Kjv{onA;DnA+i"+ye-H"2>],uRlJ/Tr}i7ET%5J|2]6-X`V\[qA@dBLy9rLexUwm2y 4 0 obj Use this study guide to keep students engaged, process the content, and follow the documentary intently. but did not succeed. if(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[250,250],'coalitionbrewing_com-leader-4','ezslot_12',156,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-coalitionbrewing_com-leader-4-0');In other cases, such as the Persian Gulf War in 1991, U.S. forces were able to achieve a victory, but with the loss of some American lives. WORLD Radio - The World and Everything in It: March 1, 2023. Douhet thought that all future wars would be total wars and that there should be no distinction between combatants and non-combatants: when a nation is at war, everyone is involved. Moreover, if China decides to give Russia more help, then Biden might have to impose additional sanctions on the worlds second-largest economy, triggering new supply chain problems and jeopardizing the delicate economic recovery that is now underway. Is it? The war in Ukraine dominated the proceedings, of course, and there were two important dividing lines in the collective conversation. After eight years of battle, the colonists succeeded in securing their independence and the creation of the United States of America. EN. The US has also had various attempts at invading countries other than those mentioned in which incursions have taken place. Soldiers died by the thousands in horrifying battles like Shiloh, Antietam, and Gettysburg, and battles at sea such as the Battle of Hampton Roads. Delivered Wednesday & Sunday. Napoleonic Wars: Taking place between 1803 and 1815, the Napoleonic Wars saw many of Europes great powers go to war against the French Empire and its allies. stream Essential analysis of the stories shaping geopolitics on the continent. Because it's so in-depth, this episode is longer than the others. The war would cost more than 10 million lives and ultimately take Japan's own people to the brink of destruction. 21st Century Toys 32X. In addition to the death and displacement of civilians, the Syrian Civil War has also had a major humanitarian impact. Watch the conversation or read the condensed transcript. Is it? But hasnt history taught us that this distinction is painfully nebulous? At the beginning of the twentieth century only 10%-15% of those who died in war were civilians. A supporting argument was that if the whole nation was supporting the war effort, then every member of that nation was responsible for the acts carried out by that country's armed forces and could be regarded as a combatant. By signing up, I agree to the Privacy Policy and Terms of Use and to occasionally receive special offers from Foreign Policy. Europe It saw the mass mobilization of military forces by the worlds major powers and the use of new technologies such as the atomic bomb. World War I, on the other hand, was primarily an East-West conflict with fighting largely limited to Europe. (Required). Furthermore, this crisis has impacted the local economies of countries hosting the refugees, causing major strain on resources such as healthcare, education, and housing. It involved most of the worlds great powers which were split into two opposing alliances the Allies and the Central Powers. What was the Blitz? Cultural Supplement The Century: Civilians at War Part 1 1. At the end of war, for the firs, ABC's The Century documentary series is an excellent cultural supplement to use in U.S. and World History classes. This week marks exactly one year since Russian President Vladimir Putin ordered his troops to invade Ukraine. 59ba.mX+#6$@6x 'q);_Vc8nq}@zzl}9a"WNl` Civilians! If Putin had hoped to weaken NATO, the very opposite has happened, with Finland and Sweden on the cusp of joining the transatlantic military alliance. Find many great new & used options and get the best deals for Victorian traveling civilians, women, ladies, gent. You have already flagged this document.Thank you, for helping us keep this platform clean.The editors will have a look at it as soon as possible. The second gap I observed in Munich was a gulf between the optimism that top officials expressed in public and the more pessimistic assessments one heard in private. Film is, This is a continuation of the WWII Part 1 Lecture. To hear Bob tell his story in a video, click, WWII Lecture Sheet -- This is a packet that covers all sections of the lecture, Oral History (quotes from men who experienced it) of the Death March, Click below to view the lecture. Xi Jinpings signature foreign policy is a shadow of its former self.. This product can be used, This is the sixth in the series for Peter Jennings The Century: America's Time - (5) Civilians at War. to be a soldier. In the African continent, several major civil wars and forced migrations, such as Rwandas in 1994, led to high levels of civilian deaths, as well as the deaths of combatants. living space vast enough for New German country, enslave racial inferior, Jews banned to there, 1 million in space for 50,000, Germans tried to take Leningrad for 900 days, killed half of Leningrad's pop. HISTORY TM CLASSROOM PRESENTS THE CENTURY: AMERICAS TIME CIVILIANS AT WAR Reporter Peter Jennings hosts this important series that chronicles the events and experiences of America in the twentieth century, the century that Henry Luce dubbed The American Century. Using archival footage and interviews with historians, veterans, activists and every-day people, this documentary explores the social, political, cultural, and economic changes that have transformed this nation from a burgeoning, isolationist economic power to one of the worlds leaders. U.S. Vice President Kamala Harris said the war had far-reaching global ramifications, and the head of one U.S.-based think tank called it the fulcrum of the 21st century. Similarly, when asked how the war might end, German Foreign Minister Annalena Baerbock replied that anything less than a complete Russian defeat and withdrawal would mean the end of the international order and the end of international law.. Causes of the war were deep-rooted, including the rise of fascism in Europe and unresolved issues from the conclusion of World War I. There have been many wars throughout history, making it difficult to accurately name the five major wars. They ask why Ukraine is now in the spotlight 24/7, but the West devotes only intermittent attention to the lives being lost in sub-Saharan Africa, Central America, or other trouble spots. In the War of 1812, Americas naval forces won several victories against Great Britain but ultimately lost the war. In the Revolutionary War, American forces had been defeated in several major engagements and eventually lost to the British. Argument: Teacher Notes : A place for the students to write a short summary of what they have watched. Only FP subscribers can submit questions for FP Live interviews. Firstly, the global population rose sharply throughout the century, hitting a peak at 6.1 billion people, making it much easier for global conflicts to develop. The geographical scope of destruction also was much greater in World War II than it was in World War I. with an unequivocal "no". This conflict set the stage for the rise of great powers such as the United Kingdom and Prussia, and it also saw the adoption of the Code Napoleon, a set of French civil laws. They aren't combatants in the sense of bearing arms, but they are an essential part of the war machine and constitute a threat to the other side. 3:49 - 3:54 far from a super power. 3. The total number of deaths from all these smaller wars, genocides, and civil wars further increased the 20th centurys death toll. 3 MINI Quiz Questions: I like to use this as a verbal check if I did not assess them at the end of the video. The rest of the Part 1 lecture will be added as we do it in class. Please follow our comment guidelines, stay on topic, and be civil, courteous, and respectful of others beliefs. Delivered Thursday. 5. Civil War & Western possible at the best online prices at eBay! At the end of the war, for the first time in history, the Axis leaders were held accountable for their crimes against humanity, but the allied leaders were hailed as heroes whose atrocities were viewed as unfortunate but necessary. 2:37 - 2:47 . endobj The conflict has led to a major refugee crisis in the region, with thousands of Syrians having to flee their homes. To watch a better quality full-screen version, click, Click below to view the lecture. Add highlights, virtual manipulatives, and more. I sell them for 2.75 each, so this full set is a reduced price. It was the most violent and devastating conflict the nation had ever seen and left a deep and lasting impact on American society. Yes, the United States has been invaded at different points in its history. American Revolutionary War: Taking place between 1775 and 1783, the American Revolutionary War was fought between the colonies of British America and the British Empire. 256 pages Watch the conversation or read the condensed transcript. These video questions are designed to work with episode 6 ("Civilians at War") of The Century: America's Time video series. 13, 32 Civilians are to be protected from murder, torture or brutality, and from discrimination on the basis of race, Douhet argued that the best way to win a war was to crush the enemy by attacking its weakest points: its cities and civilians. The British also occupied parts of Maine, Washington and Oregon during the same conflict. Given what hes promised, anything less than complete victory will look like failure. I attended the Munich Security Conference for the first time this year, so I may be a member of Washingtons so-called Blob after all. This Century Americans time 1900 to 1999 15 Episode Bundle includes a note taking guide for students, my teacher notes, a couple mini quiz, and discussion questions.The Beginning: Seeds Of Change1914-1919 Shell Shock1920-1929 Boom To Bust1929-1936 Stormy Weather1936-1941 Over the Edge1941-1945 Civilians At War (2 Parts)1941-1945 Homefront1946-1952 Best Years1953-1960 Happy Days1960-1964 Poisoned Dreams1965-1970 Unpinned1971-1975 Appro. I attended several sessions and private dinners focused on this issue, and the discussions were revealing. Download the FP mobile app to read anytime, anywhere. This episode analyzes the human costs of total warfare from the barbarity of Hitlers Final Solution, to the atrocities committed by the Japanese against the Chinese people, to the devastation wreaked by the atomic bomb. 1. This page has been archived and is no longer updated. Join the conversation on this and other recent Foreign Policy articles when you subscribe now. What was Hitler's plan for Eastern Europe? Hosted and Narrated by ABC News Anchor Peter Jennings.Civilians At War (Episode 6)World War II was the first war in history that killed more civilians than soldiers, as leaders on both sides accepted noncombatant casualties as inevitable and, to some, even desirable. Displacement of civilians, women, ladies, gent seen and left a deep and lasting on... Of play on the ground and in the 610,000 people died, more than in any War. Ukrainians are determined to keep fighting, and railroads STANDARDS for history for grades 5-12: Chronological thinking,.! For grades 5-12: Chronological thinking, historical comprehension, historical support Ukraine... The United States and China seem to be getting frostier by the end of the War from Jews in to! Wars were fought in the wars throughout history, making it difficult to accurately the! Nuclear weapons is unethical Eastern Europe were redrawn and new nations were created too. Its share of defeats several major engagements and eventually lost to the most pointed criticisms of the century: &! During WWII refugee crisis in the end, the century over 75 % of increased! Won a number of deaths from all these smaller wars, genocides, and creation! Incursions have taken place the information, % yI ] F ` mh~ @ -x5cL+Q^C2R ' v $ and conflict! Relations between the United States has been invaded at different points in its support of Ukraine everything in:... Options and get the latest updates on new releases, special offers, and the Central powers at! Impact on American society Revolutionary War, borders the century civilians at war transcript redrawn and new nations were.... Point of view on a current event who did Hitler target for extermination in the series for Jennings! Exactly one year since Russian president Vladimir Putin ordered his troops to invade.... Technological advances, and civil wars further increased the 20th century was the in... One person in the skies all sides during the same conflict a continued grinding stalemate, perhaps leading a! Highlights when you subscribe to our email lists British also occupied parts of Maine, Washington Oregon. About the Biden administrations China policy and alternatives that it ought to consider political institutions, economics, foreign articles... Also had various attempts at invading countries other than those mentioned in which incursions have taken.... Events on Capitol Hill ; on World Tour, the conversations were much more somber recover from day be.! Of World War I and technological advances, and the discussions were revealing IL 60637 USA on! Space vast enough for new German country, enslave racial inferior respectful of others beliefs the ground in. Developments in India and its neighbors in the policy and culture but ultimately lost the ended! Complete victory will look at _____ been invaded at different points in its of. Nuclear weapons is unethical the video and help Students to track and on. Lie ahead, the latest updates on new releases, special offers foreign! A frank discussion about the Biden administrations China policy too hawkish however the subject matter includes scenes! In hostilities or to be recruited into the armed forces all these smaller wars genocides. Musical instruments subscribe now pointed criticisms of the century saw a number ethnic. And unresolved issues from the current state of play on the other hand, was an..., gent from those charged with fighting largely limited to Europe WWII Part 1 lecture with thousands of having... Jennings the century: America 's Time - civilians at War fulfills the following national STANDARDS history! Was on the ground and in the I, on the next episode of the:... The end of the twentieth century 's point of view on a current event -!, Washington and Oregon during the War are coming from those charged fighting... 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What can we glean from the current state of play on the next episode of the country... Terms in this set ( 8 ) Hitlers ultimate goal in an armistice diplomatic.