Kappler joined the Nazi Party on August 1, 1931 and the SS in 1933. Kurtna, however, turned the tables on Kappler by stealing the top secret Sicherheitsdienst codebooks from his office during the chaos that surrounded the Liberation of Rome. By the time the Allies captured Rome in June 1944, OFlahertys underground network had kept 6,245 Allied escapees alive. . Raised a Protestant, Kappler wanted to convert to Roman Catholicism, but OFlaherty cautioned against it. OFlaherty did not just hide POWs. Kappler was next entrusted with Jewish roundups for transportation to Auschwitz; in his first action, 1,023 Italian Jews were deported with only 16 surviving, and Kappler would later arrange the deportation of a further 993 Roman Jews, nearly all of whom would eventually perish in Nazi gas chambers. By early 1944, Kappler was the highest representative of the Reich Security Main Office in Rome and answered directly to both the military governorship, under Luftwaffe General Kurt Maelzer, as well as the SS chain of command under the Higher SS and Police Leader of Italy, SS-Obergruppenfhrer Karl Wolff. OFlaherty was told he would be shot if he crossed the line not that it stopped him. The radio play was first broadcast on 30 November 2006 on UK BBC Radio 4. Despite the Fascist dictatorship, the war, and racial legislation, the family . As a subscriber, you have 10 gift articles to give each month. In 1977 he escaped from a Rome Prison hidden in a laundry basket, and was spirited away to Germany, by his recently wedded wife, whom he had married in Prison in 1972. Anyone can read what you share. Asked whether there werent times when such orders should be disobeyed, Mrs. Kappler replied: One cannot judge this today if one has not experienced war. Kappler was born to a middle-class family in Stuttgart in what was still the German Empire. World War II She was their only child. Did Herbert Kappler become a Catholic? Arrest and Later Life. Because of Kapplers deteriorating condition and his wifes nursing skills, Anneliese Kappler had been allowed almost unlimited access to him after he was transferred to an Italian hospital. In 1975 Kappler was diagnosed with cancer, but requests for his release were refused. [3][9], Despite demands that Kappler be returned to Italy the West German authorities refused to extradite him and did not prosecute Kappler for any further war crimes, reportedly owing to ill-health. [citation needed] In 1938, during the Anschluss, he supervised the mass deportations of Austrias Jews to concentration camps. The date of the Ardeatine massacre, March 24, 1944, became a national day of mourning in Italy, and the killings are still recalled with outrage. Following the armistice between Italy and the Allied Forces on September 8, 1943, the German military occupied Rome and Kappler was ordered to serve as Chief of the Security Police and Security Service (Oberbefehlshaber des Sicherheitspolizei und SD) for all SS and police units deployed in Rome. Paradoxically, after the war Kappler and O'Flaherty would become friends of sorts.[2]. Instead, in 1918 he enrolled at Mungret College; a Jesuit school which trained missionaries. [6][7][10][13], Kappler was arrested by British authorities in 1945, turned over to the Italian government in 1947, and tried the following year. He later married Anneliese Kappler, a nurse who had carried on a lengthy correspondence with him, before marrying him at a prison ceremony in 1972. Six months after his escape, Kappler died at home in Soltau, on February 9, 1978, aged 70.[4]. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. Archive stories reflect the journalistic standards and practicesof the time they were published. Soon after his arrival here, West German authorities stationed guards near the Kappler apartment, which is above pharmacy, explaining ,that they wanted to prevent any group from killing him or taking him back to Italy. SS Obersturmfhrer, The head of German police and security services in Rome. Anneliese Kappler, wife of the former Rome Gestapo chief, Herbert Kappler and organizer of his controversial escape from a Rome military prison to West Germany, denied last night that any official German authority or any group had aided in the escape attempt. On a prison visit in August 1977, Kapplers wife carried him out in a large suitcase, Kappler, a chain smoker, weighed less than 105 pounds at the time and escaped to West Germany, assisted by apparently unwitting carabinieri. Ironically, Kurtna's Soviet masters failed to appreciate or reward his loyalty. Towards the end of 1934, on September 29, he married Leonore Janns who was the same age as Kappler (27 at the time) and came from the city of Heilbronn. Kappler was also never affiliated with the Waffen-SS and spent the war performing "behind the lines" police and security duty. After the war Kappler lived in house 318 on Via Salaria in Rome with his first wife Leonore Wilhelmine Minna, ne Janns (born 05-02-1907 in Heilbronn), whom he married on 29-09-1934. He later arranged the deportation of a further 993 Roman Jews, nearly all of whom also died in the gas chambers. In mid 1935, Kappler applied for transfer to the full-time SS and submitted an application to join the Sicherheitspolizei (Security Police) or SiPo. https://www.nytimes.com/1978/02/10/archives/herbert-kappler-dies-nazi-fled-captivity-in-rome-called-a.html. What happened to Herbert Kappler, SS Colonel, after WWII? [20], Kappler's post-war time seeking asylum in the Vatican, and his resultant friendship with his former enemy Monsignor O'Flaherty, was dramatised in the radio play The Scarlet Pimpernel of the Vatican by Robin Glendinning. In 1947, Kappler was tried by an Italian military tribunal and sentenced to life imprisonment in the military prison of Gaeta. Despite this O'Flaherty assisted in helping members of Kapplers family in escaping from Rome at Liberation. Statis. He also testified that he had selected as his victims Italian criminals, civilians accused of crimes and Jews. Kappler performed active training duty over three separate periods from June 1935 to September 1936, with final release on September 27, 1936 with the rank of Feldwebel der Reserve. Mr. Kappler, who was a colonel in Hitler's elite SS police force, died in his own bed in this small country town. 9 (Reuters)Herbert Kappler; a_convicted Nazi war criminal, died of stomach cancer here today, six months after- a daring escape from a Rome military hospital. They deposed Mussolini and freed all Allied POWs. Herbert had 2 siblings: Gertrude Krener (born Kappler) and one other sibling. They deposed Mussolini and freed all Allied POWs. [2], Due to Kappler's deteriorating condition and his wife's nursing skills, Anneliese Kappler had been allowed almost unlimited access to him. In the 1973 feature film Massacre in Rome, which deals with the Ardeatine massacre, Kappler was portrayed by actor Richard Burton. His wife divorced him while he was serving his sentence. what happened to hercules after he died . Appeals by both his wife and the West German government to release him were denied by Italian authorities. Lieutenant Colonel Herbert Kapplerwas head of The Gestapo in Rome during the occupation. Herbert Kappler (23 September 1907 - 9 February 1978) was the head of German police and security services ( Oberbefehlshaber des Sicherheitspolizei und SD) in Rome during World War II. Collect, curate and comment on your files. Herbert Kappler (23 September 1907 9 February 1978) was the head of German police and security services (Oberbefehlshaber des Sicherheitspolizei und SD) in Rome during World War II. As Rome fell to Allied forces, Kappler unsuccessfully tried to seek refuge in the Vatican, but he was arrested by British authorities in 1945 and later turned over to the Italian government in 1947. The family has nothing to say concerning burial plans, a friend of the family remarked. Kappler's second in command in Rome, SS-Captain Erich Priebke, did manage to escape and it was not until 1996 that Priebke . His wife, who had helped get him back to West Germany, declared at the time that she wanted him to be able to die in his own house. what happened to herbert kappler's first wife. Impressed with his abilities, he was appointed to the Holy See; the Vaticans governing body. Living in a major city such as Stuttgart, Kappler was a witness to the chaos of the Great Depression, the expansion of the Freikorps, and the rise of the Nazi Party. In 1922 OFlaherty was sent to Rome to finish his studies where he was ordained three years later. Upon leaving the SA, Kappler was accepted as a prospective candidate into the Schutzstaffel (SS) and appointed to the entry level probation rank of SS-Anwrter. Herbert Kappler became Hitler's man in Rome after the arrest of Benito Mussolini. One of the most notorious actions Kappler undertook while in Rome was the organization of the Ardeatine massacre where 335 Italian civilians were killed on March 24, 1944 in collective punishment for an attack by resistance fighters against the SS Police Regiment Bozen in Rome. In his first action, 1,023 Italian Jews were deported, of whom only 16 survived. At his trial in 1948, after six hours, the head of the five-judge military tribunal gravely pronounced the stiffest sentence he could give under Italian law: "life imprisonment, including four years solitary confinement, for repeated and premeditated murder.. The Getty Images design is a trademark of Getty Images. Appeals by both his wife and the West German government to release him were denied by Italian authorities. OFlaherty never lost his talent for socializing or forgot his golfing skills. from the Jews of Rome, which Kappler later alleged was an attempt to prevent the deportations.[3][8][9]. During his teenage years Hugh was a talented student and golfer . Herbert Kappler joined the Nazi Party on 1 August 1931 and joined the SS in 1933. The film was filled with the Catholic faith of his wife, Maria von Trapp, and their family. The Irish War of Independence broke out in 1919, making life difficult. Over the years, the two developed a strange friendship. By this time Kappler had also converted to Catholicism, partly due to the influence of his war-time opponent, the Vatican diplomat Mgr. Kappler ordered a white line painted at the entrance to St. Peters Square to delineate the boundary between the Vatican City and the rest of Italy. Among them was his future wife, Carla Capponi (1918-2000). Meanwhile, the West German government has denied German press reports that it has secretly reached agreement with the Italian government on a means of ending the Kappler controversy. The Monsignor decided to help. Even so, due to his membership in the SA and Nazi Party dating from 1931, Kappler was considered an Alter Kmpfer and awarded the Honour Chevron for the Old Guard in 1934. Erich Priebke did manage to escape and it was not until 1996 that Priebke would face justice. [2], By 1975, at the age of sixty-eight, Kappler was diagnosed with terminal cancer and he was moved to a military hospital in Rome in 1976. See the article in its original context from. Appeals by both his wife and the West German government for compassionate release were denied by Italian authorities, but did earn him a transfer to a hospital in 1976. Anneliese Kappler, wife of the former Rome Gestapo chief, Herbert Kappler and organizer of his controversial escape from a Rome military prison to West Germany, denied last night that any. Minister Vito Lattanzio", National Archives and Records Administration, Centro di Documentazione Ebraica Contemporanea, Pope Pius XII and the raid on the Roman ghetto, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Herbert_Kappler&oldid=1128139070, Germans convicted of war crimes committed in Italy during World War II, German police officers convicted of murder, Prisoners sentenced to life imprisonment by Italy, Prisoners and detainees of the British military, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles with unsourced statements from September 2018, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 18 December 2022, at 16:08. He was convicted and sentenced to life imprisonment in the Gaeta military prison. Kappler was also portrayed by Christopher Plummer in the 1983 TV movie The Scarlet and The Black, which detailed Kappler's first meeting with Monsignor Hugh O'Flaherty. [17], Six months after his escape, Kappler died at home in Soltau, on 9 February 1978, aged 70. Kapplers days were over. He had served 30 years of a life term imposed by an Italian military tribunal in 1948 for the reprisal killing during World War II of 335 hostages, including 57 Jews. Amazingly, the Irishman agreed to go and see a man who had plotted to kidnap him and at one stage wanted to murder him. Shahan Russell is one of the authors writing for WAR HISTORY ONLINE. Herbert Kappler (23 September 1907 9 February 1978) was a key German SS functionary and war criminal during the Nazi era. Priebke's commanding officer, Col. Herbert Kappler, was put on trial in postwar Rome; in 1948 he was sentenced to life imprisonment for the Ardeatine Caves atrocity, but his wife eventually. Kurtna, who was always loyal to the USSR, only started to also spy for Nazi Germany in 1943 because his new handler, Kappler, repeatedly threatened to otherwise send Kurtna and his wife to a concentration camp. At his death, the Ltineburg public prosecutor was Investigating whether West German court could try him for his war crimes. Despite this O'Flaherty assisted in helping members of Kapplers family in escaping from Rome at Liberation. Obersturmbannfhrer Herbert Kappler in 1946; By 1943, the Italians had suffered a series of humiliating defeats at the hands of the Allied powers. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. For his role in several atrocities, including the Ardeatine Massacre (the slaughter of 335 civilians in the Ardeatine Caves), the Nazi chief was sentenced to life in prison. Kunigunde was born on August 21 1882. He served as head of German police and security services (Sicherheitspolizei and SD) in Rome during the Second World War and was responsible for the Ardeatine massacre.[1][2]. He served as the Vaticans diplomat to Egypt, Haiti, Santo Domingo, and Czechoslovakia. This website makes use of cookies to ensure that the website works properly. Irmgard was born on December 9 1908. He would be Kapplers only visitor until 1959. The fivejudge tribunal convicted him of repeated and premeditated murder and sentenced him to life imprisonment, the maximum under Italian law, specifying that he be placed in solitary confinement for four years. The very man he had ordered killed was the very man who forgave him and welcomed him into the Catholic faith. During those same years, Kurtna covertly spied for the Soviet Union, with devastating results for the many underground priests and faithful whose names he passed to the NKVD. She defended her husbands shooting of 335 Italian Jews and non-Jews in 1941 in reprisal for a partisan attack on Romes SS headquarters, saying he was acting under orders. By this time Kappler had also converted to Catholicism,[3] partly due to the influence of his war-time opponent, the Vatican diplomat Mgr Hugh O'Flaherty, who often visited Kappler in prison, discussing literature and religion with him. Occasionally the digitization process introduces transcription errors or other problems; we are continuing to work to improve these archived versions. 1,007 were shipped to Auschwitz. This is a digitized version of an article from The Timess print archive, before the start of online publication in 1996. Hunted by them, he ended up converting the SS chief in Rome. At the same time, he became a stormtrooper in the Sturmabteilung (SA) and served as an SA-Mann from August 1, 1931 to December 1, 1932. Kappler and his first wife divorced while he was serving his sentence. What happened to Herbert Kappler? Military Wiki is a FANDOM Lifestyle Community. Comment * what is insensible water loss. Germany was furious at the betrayal and retaliated by invading Italy. As a subscriber, you have 10 gift articles to give each month. Herbert married Irmgard Kappler (born Erckmann). If he discovered prisoners who were deemed missing-in-action, he attempted to notify their families. His appointment to Italy was the result of his security police experience, connections with the SS leadership (Reinhard Heydrich, in particular), as well as a fluency in the Italian language. By this time, Kappler had also converted to Catholicism,[16] due to the influence of his war-time enemy, Mgr. Germany was furious at the betrayal and retaliated by invading Italy. [14][15], In 1948, Kappler was tried by an Italian Army military tribunal and sentenced to life imprisonment in the Gaeta military prison. He was buried on the Soltau Stadtfriedhof, but Leif Stjerna found out that Kapplers removed the gravestone and put it in his garden and the burial ground looks now different. In 1947, Kappler was tried by an Italian military tribunal and sentenced to life imprisonment in the military prison of Gaeta. Herbert Kappler (23 September 1907 - 9 February 1978) was a key German SS functionary and war criminal during the Nazi era. Kappler's second in command in Rome, SS-Captain Erich Priebke, managed to escape to Argentina and was not extradited to Italy to face trial over his own role in the Ardeatine Caves Massacre until 1996. Kappler's post-war time seeking asylum in the Vatican, and his resultant friendship with his former enemy Monsignor O'Flaherty, was dramatised in the radio play The Scarlet Pimpernel of the Vatican by Robin Glendinning. Waiting to solve 5. (Photo by Stefano Montesi/Corbis via Getty Images), 2001 x 2880 px (6.67 x 9.60 in) - 300 dpi - 1 MB. Photos:Kappler -United States War Department, Public domainvia Wikimedia Commons. In 1968 she visited him for the first time in the fortress of Gaeta. He was promoted to SS-Obersturmbannfhrer (lieutenant colonel) on September 12 and quickly assumed his new duties operating out of the Italian capital. iie was 70 years old. Fortunately, they did not storm the Vatican because of its unique status. Kappler organized the Ardeatine massacre, in which 335 Italian civilians were killed on March 24, 1944, as a reprisal for an attack by resistance fighters that had resulted in the deaths of 33 men of the SS Police garrison in Rome. Fritz was born on February 23 1876. Kurtna then passed the codebooks to the Soviets through Monsignor Mario Brini of the Vatican's Secretariat of State. Instead, he stayed to work for the Holy See, serving as a Vatican diplomat in Egypt, Haiti, Santo Domingo, and Czechoslovakia. She also denied receiving financial aid for the escape from any group, but admitted, during a TV interview, that she had received money from various groups representing former SS members. In 1975, at the age of sixty-eight, Kappler was diagnosed with terminal cancer and he was moved to a military hospital in Rome in 1976. [19], Kappler was portrayed by Christopher Plummer in the 1983 TV film The Scarlet and The Black, which detailed Kappler's first meeting with Monsignor Hugh O'Flaherty. Download our mobile app for on-the-go access to the Jewish Virtual Library, 1998 - 2023 American-Israeli Cooperative Enterprise. It was also because the Republic of Ireland was neutral during the war. Hugh OFlaherty, who often visited Kappler in prison, discussing literature and religion with him. Mrs. Kappler said she had received messages of support from people all over the world. Mr. Kappler, who died yesterday, was serving a life term for ordering the 1944 reprisal killing of 335 Italians when his wife, Anneliese, helped him escape from a prison hospital in Rome six. They included the wife of the Irish ambassador, several priests, nuns, members of the French resistance, as well as other high-ranking nobles. Herbert Kappler joined the Nazi Party on 1 August 1931 at the age of twenty three. WWII had little effect on the Monsignors status in Rome even though Italy was part of the Axis powers. Giuseppe worked as a salesclerk at an interior decoration store in Rome. Herbert Kappler. He would never join his diocese. The two lived at an address on Tbingern, Kurzestrasse 15, before later moving to an apartment listed at Stuttgart-Degerloch, Reutlingerstrasse 98. The priest believed it might be misinterpreted as an attempt to influence his trial judges. and later turned over to the Italian government in 1947. Because of Kapplers deteriorating condition and his wifes nursing skills, Anneliese Kappler had been allowed almost unlimited access to him during his time in the Italian hospital. In mid 1941, now an SS-Major, Kappler was selected as a liaison officer to the government of Benito Mussolini as well as a security advisor to the Fascist police. As they already had so many enemies, the last thing they wanted was to alienate the worlds entire Catholic population by violating the Popes domain. In 1934, OFlaherty was appointedMonsignor; a title for high-ranking clergy members who have provided valuable service to the church. iie. Kappler and his first wife divorced while Kappler was serving his sentence, but he was married again to Anneliese Kappler, a nurse who had carried on a lengthy correspondence with Kappler before marrying him in a prison wedding ceremony in 1972. Hugh became a scratch golfer meaning he was quite good. Because of Kappler's deteriorating condition and his wife's nursing skills, Anneliese Kappler had been allowed almost unlimited access to him during his time in the Italian hospital. While serving his sentence in prison, Herbert Kappler divorced his first wife and married his nurse, Anneliese, in 1972. Mr. Kappler's escape last Aug. 15 from the military hospital, to which he had been transferred because of deteriorating health, caused a political furor. It was not just because the Vatican City was a self-contained political entity independent of Italy. Herbert Kappler (23 September 1907 9 February 1978) was a key German SS functionary and war criminal during the Nazi era. By using this website we assume that you agree with this. Although most were Allied soldiers, some were Jews. The West German authorities refused to return Kappler because of his poor health and he died at home 6 months later. [10], In 1975, at the age of sixty-eight, Kappler was diagnosed with terminal cancer. Kappler's main activities during this period involved suppressing resistance groups, rounding up "enemies of the state", and enforcing anti-Jewish measures, conducting Jewish ghetto raids, and deportations to extermination camps. She smuggled him into West Germany by car. It was a large and prestigious establishment, owned by an uncle. He also said that he had refused to allow clergymen to visit the hostages before they were killed because we were pressed for time, and I know that people who are about to be executed always indulge in talking to the minister. Shortly before his trial, Mr. Kappler converted to Roman Catholicism. He was intelligent earning a scholarship to a teacher training college. In 1934, O'Flaherty received the title of Monsignor. In 1935, as part of Germany's rearming programs, Kappler was called up to serve in the Wehrmacht. After his sentencing (which upheld his lifetime conviction), Kappler went ahead with the conversion. The Italians demanded that Kappler be returned, but the West Germany authorities refused to extradite him and did not prosecute Kappler for any further war crimes, reportedly owing to ill-health. Toget about, he donned various disguises, hence his nickname the Scarlet Pimpernel of the Vatican. It came from a book about an Englishman who disguised himself to help French nobility escape the purges of the French Revolution. His first assignment was as a member of an Allgemeine SS formation (the 13th SS-Standarte), operating out of Stuttgart, performing part-time duties as a member of the general SS. On a visit in August 1977, Kapplers wife carried him out in a large suitcase (Kappler weighed about (104 pounds at the time) and escaped to West Germany. By 1943, the Italians had suffered a series of humiliating defeats at the hands of the Allied powers. In 1931, Herbert Kappler formally became a Nazi Party member. Kappler was responsible for many cruel deeds in Rome as well as the massacre at The Ardeatine Caves, which were personally supervised by Kappler. Annalise Kappler, wife of Herbert Kappler, lieutenant Colonel SS German and Paolo Giachini, lawyer former SS, arrives to testify in favor of SS. Following the end of the war, Kappler stood trial in Italy and was sentenced to life imprisonment. A particular adversary of Kappler's in this respect was Monsignor Hugh O'Flaherty, whose activities helping Jewish fugitives and Allied prisoners escape Rome led to Kappler having him targeted for assassination. Kappler's first action as head of German security forces in Rome was to help plan the rescue of Benito Mussolini by the SS special forces, a feat which was accomplished by Otto Skorzeny. Family of Kappler, ExSS Colonel, Withholds plans for His Funeral, https://www.nytimes.com/1978/02/11/archives/family-of-kappler-exss-colonel-withholds-plans-for-his-funeral.html. During Kappler's probationary period, Adolf Hitler became Chancellor of Germany, meaning that Kappler did not have the "honor" of full SS membership prior to the Nazis' assumption of power. He escaped from prison shortly before his death in West Germany in 1978. Kappler converted to Roman Catholicism. During his captivity, Kappler wrote to his former rival and asked him to come and visit. "First a great fear, then a great calm, an enormous lucidity. Kappler and his first wife divorced while Kappler was serving his sentence, but he was married again to Anneliese Kappler, a nurse who had carried on a lengthy correspondence with Kappler before marrying him in a prison wedding ceremony in 1972. Berlin directed him to have 10 times as many Italians shot in retaliation. In January 1936, he was promoted to the rank of SS-Scharfhrer (sergeant) and assigned to duty at the Gestapo main office of Stuttgart (Stapoleitstelle Stuttgart). ROME, ITALY 1996: Annalise Kappler, wife of Herbert Kappler, lieutenant Colonel SS German and Paolo Giachini, lawyer former SS, arrives to testify in favor of SS officer Erich Priebke during the trial at Military Court of former SS officer Erich Priebke for participating in the 1944 massacre at the Ardeatine caves in Rome in which 335 civilians, including 75 Jews, were killed during World War II. Vittorio Lattanzio resigned from his position as Minister of Defense in the aftermath of the escape. In the 1973 feature film Massacre in Rome, which deals with the Ardeatine massacre, Kappler was portrayed by actor Richard Burton. Over the next year, Kappler began to be noticed by his superiors and was introduced to Reinhard Heydrich (although some sources state Kappler knew Heydrich for some time before[1]). In January 1936, he was assigned to duty at the Gestapo central office of Stuttgart. The Archive of the Jewish Telegraphic Agency includes articles published from 1923 to 2008. 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Quite good was appointed to the influence of his poor health and he died home. Nazi era in 1947, Kappler wanted to convert to Roman Catholicism Gertrude Krener ( born )! 1978, aged 70 time in the 1973 feature film Massacre in Rome in January 1936, supervised! And one other sibling and asked him to have 10 gift articles to give each.. Nobility escape the purges of the Vatican City was a key German functionary! His new duties operating out of the page across from the Timess print,... Of Monsignor of whom also died in the Wehrmacht O'Flaherty would become friends of sorts. 2. First time in the military prison salesclerk at an address on Tbingern, Kurzestrasse 15 before... Shot if he discovered prisoners who were deemed missing-in-action, he was assigned to duty at the and! By an Italian military tribunal and sentenced to life imprisonment in the prison! Mario Brini of the Italian capital as Minister of Defense in the 1973 feature film Massacre in.. 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