This policy continued for more than twenty years. In August 1520 he met with Henry VIII in Calais, France, at the Field of the Cloth of Gold, hoping to win Henry's support in the war against Spain. The first successful English colony in North America was Jamestown, Virginia, which was started in 1607 during the reign of Elizabeth's successor, James I. Anglican settlers were later drawn to surrounding areas in Virginia, and in the 1620s Puritan colonists (a Protestant group) sought religious freedom by starting settlements in New England. Tons of silver from the mines of Potosi as well as Mexican and Peruvian gold and gems were streaming into Spanish ports aboard giant galleons (the large, heavy ships used by Spain). Henry was having a secret affair with Boleyn, and he hoped she might bear him a son. As both the Holy Roman Emperor and the king of Spain, Charlesat the age of twenty-twowas now the most powerful man in Christendom (the term then used for Europe). (See "Feudalism" in Chapter 1.) The revised Book of Common Prayer regarded communion as simply a reenactment of the Last Supper, the final meal that Christ shared with his disciples, or followers. Henry stated in his will that any of his three childrenEdward, Mary, and Elizabethcould succeed him to the throne, even though his daughters had earlier been declared illegitimate when he divorced their mothers. Like his father, he was a devout Catholic, yet he lacked Philip II's intelligence and commitment to work. Soon after being crowned, she married Philip of Spain (soon to be King Philip II), but Parliament prevented him from taking the English throne along with his wife. Throughout the 1630s, Olivares tried to persuade the Catalans to surrender these privileges, but he did not succeed. After a couple of failed attempts, English settlements were established in Virginia and Massachusetts, later spreading into Maryland and Pennsylvania. Gama's handling of the Samuri's diplomatic efforts was only a hint of the brutality later committed by the Portuguese invasion force in Asia and the Indies. In one year alone, Francis had spent 5.5 million livres (the French unit of currency at that time) on the war. France and Germany were both once part of what Kingdom?. Like her mother, Catherine of Aragon, Mary was pro-Spanish and Catholic. He frequently attacked his father's ministers, including the duke of Alba, with a knife. On the very day of Cromwell's death Henry married Catherine Howard (c. 15201542). Clearly there were some key conflicting interests that needed to be addressed. One of the most significant developments in the three centuries leading up to the Renaissance period was the collapse of feudalism. He had the boy trained in Spanish customs and politics and even made out a will naming the young Ferdinand as his heir. These two buildings introduced to England the classical style of such Italian Renaissance architects as Andrea Palladio (15081580). The Moors established a new culture on the Iberian Peninsula. The revised Book of Common Prayer also ordered the destruction of stone altars associated with the Catholic Mass (worship service in which communion is taken). Philip was challenged by Edward III (13121377; ruled 132777) of England, whose mother was the daughter of Philip the Fair. Moctezuma II, the Aztec ruler, gave gifts of gold and silver as peace offerings. That same year he married Isabella of Portugal. Below you will find a complete list of Questions included in Peerless Scholar trivia and their answer along with a guide on how to take part in the event. By the mid-thirteenth century, the present boundaries of Portugal were established and Lisbon became the capital. Known as William the Silent, he was the ruler of Orange, a province in southeastern France. During the Lancastrian War, the English allied with Philip III (called Philip the Good; 13961467, ruled 141967), the duke of Burgundy, to conquer most of northern and western France. The dispute over whether France or Spain had the right to rule Naples and Sicily had been going on since the thirteenth century. He lost his third and most beloved wife, Elizabeth of Valois, as she was delivering a baby daughter. Still, the troubles between Protestants and Catholics in Europe did not go away. The bulk of the preparatory work fell to Thomas Wolsey (c. 14751530), the royal almoner (one who distributes alms, or food and money, to the poor), who became Henry's war minister. . The king personally commanded English Surrounded by young playmates, he learned the strategy and methods of Renaissance warfare and showed signs of unusual talent at the craft. Finally, he became so obsessed by his rivalry with Holy Roman Emperor Charles V that he lost all sense of proportion, spending heavily on unsuccessful wars against Spain. popular route to China and the Spice Islands. However, Pope Clement VII refused to grant the divorce because Catherine's nephew, Holy Roman Emperor Charles V, had invaded Italy earlier that year. In pursuit of the second he led France, in 1635, into the Thirty Years' War (16181648), a series of conflicts fought mainly in Germany over many social, political, and religious issues (see "Thirty Years' War" in Chapter 6). The Jews were expelled and went mainly to North Africa. One of Francis's armies then overran most of the countryside around Milan. Just one year before Charles died, Philip decisively ended more than a half-century of Spanish-French conflict regarding Italy. Germany At one time, the Holy Roman Empire had encompassed nearly all of Europe. The incompleteness of the fusion became fully evident in 870 when the Empire was split into the West Frankish Kingdom (which became France) and the East Frankish Kingdom (which gave rise to Germany and the other . Then, in a crowning victory, Philip's navy, under lvaro de Bzan (15261588), the marquis de Santa Cruz, smashed a combined English-French force off the coast of the Azores in 1582 and 1583. The plan called for the Armada to sail from Lisbon, Portugal, into the English Channel. Shortly after the new monarchs reached Spain in 1506, Philip suddenly died. The Spanish lost 1,000 men. But Medina-Sidonia made a fatal mistake on the night of August 7. He led an army of 37,000 men against a Spanish army of equal numbers. This victory inaugurated the most brilliant era in Portuguese history. When Louis died in 1515, Francis became king. While Charles was securing his empire in Western Europe, his military generalscalled the conquistadorswere winning tremendous lands and wealth in the Americas. Alba initiated an extremely repressive policy. When Columbus returned from this "New World," Ferdinand and Isabella asked Pope Alexander VI to recognize Spain's authority over these new lands. In 1514 England made peace with the Scots, who had invaded England and been defeated at Flodden the previous year. In 1429 the country was dramatically energized by Joan of Arc (c. 14121431), who was known as the Maid of Orlans. France allied with the Protestants and against the Austrians and the Spanish. Philip's forces demolished the French at Saint Quentin. kingdom definition: 1. a country ruled by a king or queen: 2. an area that is controlled by a particular person or. A skilled diplomat, Cavour secured an alliance with France. After a six-month battle, however, Edward's forces killed Neville and proclaimed victory. Nearly three months after the battle, Geoffrey Felton, secretary for Ireland, went walking on the coast of Sligo Bay. The English were weakened by their loss to the French during the Hundred Years' War. France and Germany were both once part of what Kingdom? Eventually feudalism (a term derived from the medieval Latin word feudum, meaning "fee") spread throughout Europe and served as a unifying institution for all aspects of life. Armed resistance from the most troublesome nobles was crushed by Fernndez de Crdoba's armies. Pope Alexander VI (14311503; reigned 14921503) took the side of the Medicis and convinced King Ferdinand of Aragon to send in Spanish troops to fend off the Sforzas, the French, and the Swiss. Shortly after the death of Henry V, Charles VII (14031461; ruled 142261), who was Charles VI's son, slowly began to regain French territories from the English. In 1555 Charles officially turned rule of the Netherlands over to Philip. When William Cecil died in 1598, Elizabeth snubbed Essex and awarded her highest council post to Robert Cecil. (See "The Inquisition" in Chapter 1.) He believed he had left to his son, King Philip III (15781621; ruled 15981621), a nation relatively free from international difficulties. Egypt, one of the most powerful and stylish civilizations in the world's history joins the fray in Rise of Kingdoms: THE EGYPTIANSPowerful, intelligent, strategic, and undoubtedly sophisticated, well known for their amazing craftsmanship ranging from the great pyramids and statues to innovative weapons and . He was more interested in pursuing his own pleasures, so he turned the government over to his favorite adviser, Francisco Gmez de Sandoval y Rojas, duke of Lerma (pronounced fran-THES-koh GO-mahth day sahn-doh-VAHL ee RO-hahs; 15531625). During the Caroline War, the French regained much of the territory lost during the Edwardian War. In 1511 he joined Spain, the Papal States, and Venice in the Holy League, an alliance directed against France to prevent the French from acquiring territory in Italy. The great humanist Thomas More served as his lord chancellor (chief secretary) in the 1530s. Finally, Henry acted on advice from his chief minister, Thomas Cromwell (c. 14851540), and simply announced that the pope had no authority in England. A major threat to Elizabeth's security were various plots associated with Mary Stuart (15421587), queen of Scots (ruled Scotland, 154267). Not even his genius, however, could win for Henry the crown of the Holy Roman Empire. In the 1300s marriages between English and French nobles meant that both English and French kings had a claim to the French throne. At first all went well for Francis. King John I (c. 13571433; ruled 13851433) was the founder of the powerful Aviz dynasty. The humanist ideas associated with the English Renaissance had begun to filter into England before Henry took the throne but were firmly established only during his reign. They had a daughter, Mary, but the king wanted a son because he did not believe Mary would be accepted as his Many who refused to reject Protestant beliefs continued to worship in underground churches or fled to countries on the European continent. In Rise of Kingdoms, Lyceum of Wisdom is the place where you can come and answer a lot of trivia quizzes regarding the game itself and the world history in general and earn a lot of valuable rewards. Between 10,000 and 14,000 Frenchmen died, and many others were taken prisoner, including Francis himself. Renaissance and Reformation Reference Library. A: Francia . The Concordat marked a high point in the struggle over the question of the monarch's sovereignty, which had divided France into two camps. Yet Africa and the eastern route to the Indies were off limits because Pope Alexander VI had granted total control of these areas to Portugal (see "Spain" section previously in this chapter). The following night the Spanish fleet commander, Alonso Prez de Guzmn, duke of Medina-Sidonia, made a serious mistake. Peter and his successors were called the Argonese. Although the revolt did not end until 1648 with Dutch independence, the Spanish had many military victories in the Netherlands during Philip's reign. Charles felt he now had the right to move into Naples. Most of all, she embodied the spirit of her peoplea determination to survive and indeed prosper in the face of enormous odds. He was the son of Mary, queen of Scots, and Henry Stewart (15451567), who was the grandson of Henry VII. Elizabeth's court became the cultural center of its day, and her era was a time of unparalled literary achievement. Was known as William the Silent, he was the collapse of Feudalism very day Cromwell. 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