[46] Lugard was slow to describe these excursions to the Colonial Office, which apparently learned of preparations to attack Kano from the newspapers in December 1902. Lost land and independence died of diseases that euro bring To raise additional revenues, Lugard took steps to institute a uniform tax structure patterned on the traditional system that he had adopted in the north during his tenure there. It continued to enjoy special privileges and maintained a de facto monopoly over commerce. European colonialists had managed to quell the efforts by Africans to resist the establishment of colonial rule. Village Heads were paid 10 shillings for conscripts, and fined 50 if they failed to supply. Divide and rule policy: This was mainly applied in areas where African societies or population had poor relations as a result of differences between their leaders or divisions created by Christian religious sects to easily defeat Africans in case of impending resistance against colonial rule. The preparation of a new federal constitution for an independent Nigeria was carried out at conferences held at Lancaster House in London in 1957 and 1958, which were presided over by The Rt. The Treasury used a planned budget for payment of staff and development of public works projects, and therefore could not be spent at the discretion of the local traditional ruler. It made anti-slavery treaties with West African powers, which it enforced militarily with the blockade of Africa. The goal of activists initially was not self-determination, but increased participation on a regional level in the governmental process. In the Northern Cameroons, however, the largely Muslim electorate chose to merge with Nigeria's Northern Region. The best way to describe what has happened to Nigeria in the last 72 hours, beginning with the country's first set of general elections on Saturday, February 25, 2023, is to echo Charles Dickens . It also means foreign rule on foreign lands. Main aim. Earlier elements related to this were its founding of the Sierra Leone Colony in 1787 as a refuge for freed slaves, the independent missionary movement intended to bring Christianity to the Edo Kingdom, and programs of exploration sponsored by learned societies and scientific groups, such as the London-based African Association. In this final section of this module, we will look at four phases of African reaction to . [50] In the same year, the British created the Royal West African Frontier Force (RWAFF or WAFF), under the leadership of Colonel Frederick Lugard. Jaja of Opobo allied with hrs old friends namely Alobo and Onaba to resist the British colonialists in the Niger Delta states. Economic Impact The [] The cleavage between the Yoruba and the Igbo was accentuated by their competition for control of the political machinery. A more representative system did not appear until 1946, when each geographic group of provinces had its own House of Assembly, with a majority of nonofficial (though not yet all elected) members; there were also a House of Chiefs and, in Lagos, a central Legislative Council. Even before gaining its charter, the Company signed treaties with local leaders which granted it broad sovereign powers. The exploitation of the women's work led to resistance movements and led the women to develop more political awareness and engage in and aid existing decolonization movements. The southern nationalists were inspired by a variety of sources, including such prominent American-based activists as Marcus Garvey and W.E.B. With one man in practical control of the Executive and Legislative organs of all the parts, the machine may work passably for sufficient time to enable the transition period to be left behind, by which time the answer to the problemUnitary v. Federal Statewill probably have become clear. WORKING PAPER: Passive and Active Resistance to Openness - 4 can also resist fulfilling the spirit of FOIAs in a more passive or subtle manner. Decolonization Resource Collection (National History Center) Less Scrambling, more Reflecting: Teaching about colonialism in Africa from the perspective of resistance by Bram Hubbel, February 9, 2019. The delegation was led by Balewa of the NPC and included party leaders Awolowo of the Action Group, Azikiwe of the NCNC, and Bello of the NPC; they were also the premiers of the Western, Eastern and Northern regions, respectively. Kingdoms and empires of precolonial Nigeria, Controversies surrounding the 2007 presidential election, Nigeria under Umaru Musa YarAdua and Goodluck Jonathan, The 2015 elections and electorate concerns, Recession, fight against corruption, and insecurity, Which Country Is Larger By Population? [19] Ultimately, this became the Royal Niger Company. They caused major transformations in traditional society as they eroded the religious institutions such as human sacrifice, infanticide and secret societies, which had formerly played a role in political authority and community life.[26]. Amalgamation of Nigeria was envisioned from early on in its governance, as is made clear by the report of the Niger Committee in 1898. In the south, by contrast, traditional rulers were employed as vehicles of indirect rule in Edoland and Yorubaland, but Christianity and Western education undermined their sacerdotal functions. Play off ethnic and social divisions . Chapter 2 argues that following the transformation of the Northern Nigerian region by the Sokoto Jihad in the nineteenth century, Islamic structures provided the crucial structural and ideological frameworks on which the British colonial administrative system was rationalized in the Northern Nigeria Protectorate in the first half of the twentieth century. [19], The company considered itself the sole legitimate government of the area, with executive, legislative and judicial powers all subordinate to the rule of a council created by the company board of directors in London. It indicates that all African people prior to colonialism have involved in . He was aware that the Muslim north would present problems, but he had hopes for progress along the lines which he laid down in the south, where he anticipated "general emancipation" leading to a more representative form of government. . The economy suffered from the decline in the slave trade, although considerable smuggling of slaves to the Americas continued for years afterward. THE COLONIAL ECONOMIC LEGACY. As a philosophical movement and critical . Significantly, the regional governments controlled public expenditures derived from revenues raised within each region. The approaches of the two men to colonial development were diametrically opposed. . Protestant missionaries tended to divide the country into spheres of activity to avoid competition with each other, and Catholic missions similarly avoided duplication of effort among the several religious orders working there. In the Bight of Biafra, the major ports were Old Calabar (Akwa Akpa), Bonny and New Calabar. The greatest advantage of Nigeria were its huge natural . Some African Christian communities formed their own independent churches. As a protectorate, it did not have the status of a colony, so its officials were appointed by the Foreign Office and not by the Colonial Office. One 1885 treaty read: We, the undersigned King and Chiefs [] with the view to the bettering of the condition of our country and people, do this day cede to the National Africa Company (Limited), their heirs and assigns, forever, the whole of our territory [] We also give the said National African Company (Limited) full power to settle all native disputes arising from any cause whatever, and we pledge ourselves not to enter into any war with other tribes without the sanction of the said National Africa Company (Limited). It occurs when one nation subjugates another, conquering its population and exploiting it, often while . In 1886, Taubman secured a royal charter and his company became the Royal Niger Company. PhD dissertation accepted at the Graduate Programme in History, York University, Ontario. Britain annexed Lagos in 1861 and established the Oil River Protectorate in 1884. With this victory, the British went on to conquer the rest of Yorubaland, which had also been weakened by sixteen years of civil war. They selected an increasingly high proportion of African clergy for the missions. Hausa was recognised as an official language in the north, and knowledge of it was expected of colonial officers serving there. Britain subsequently lobbied other European powers to stop the slave trade as well. During his six-year tenure as High Commissioner, Sir Frederick Lugard (as he became in 1901) was occupied with transforming the commercial sphere of influence inherited from the Royal Niger Company into a viable territorial unit under effective British political control. The appointment of Joseph Chamberlain as colonial secretary in 1895 especially marked a shift towards new territorial ambitions of the British Empire. Some European traders switched to legitimate business only when the commerce in slaves became too hazardous. Afeadie, "The Hidden Hand of Overrule" (1996), p. 1315. A . Although his own ambitions were limited to the Northern Region, Bello backed the NPC's successful efforts to mobilize the north's large voting strength so as to win control of the national government. Among the other major parties, the NCNC took fifty-six seats, winning a majority in both the Eastern and the Western regions, while the Action Group captured only twenty-seven seats. Joining the Royal Niger Company in 1894, Lugard was sent to Borgu to counter inroads made by the French, and in 1897 he was made responsible for raising the Royal West African Frontier Force (RWAFF) from local levies to serve under British officers. Nigeria did not come into being until 1914, when the consort of a colonial Governor-General, Flora Shaw and her man, the fascist Lord Lugard willed and named Nigeria into being, with the dubious . Some of the treaties contained prohibitions on diplomacy conducted without British permission, or other promises to abide by British rule. The Nigerian Legislative Council was established in 1914 and was given limited jurisdiction; it was replaced in 1922 by a larger one that included elected members from Lagos and Calabar, although its powers also were limited and the northern provinces remained outside its control. The . Author. The British, when faced with dissent, tended to grant political reforms in an effort to dispel the attractiveness of more-radical suggestions. Taxes became a source of discontent in the south, however, and contributed to disturbances protesting British policy. Throughout this period of reign, many changes were made to their . His objective was to conquer the entire region and to obtain recognition of the British protectorate by its indigenous rulers, especially the Fulani emirs of the Sokoto Caliphate. Pre-colonial southern Nigeria was an _____ societey. [19] This scenario provided an opportunity for naval expeditions and reconnaissance throughout the region. He argued that the division into two separate colonies was advisable unless a stronger central government could bind Nigeria into more than just an administrative convenience for the three regions. Antrobus, Fiddes and Strachey in the Colonial Office promoted amalgamation, along with Lugard. The French had abolished slavery following the French Revolution, although it briefly re-established it in its Caribbean colonies under Napoleon. The principal figure in the political activity that ensued was Herbert Macauley, often referred to as the father of Nigerian nationalism. Both Africans and Europeans found illegal supplies such as secret stills, obtaining colonial liquor permits, and smuggling. Updated: 11/12/2021 Create an account "The agents performed similar but more expansive roles as their Company counterparts. [10], Following military conquest, the British imposed an economic system designed to profit from African labor. In 1958 exportation of Nigerian oil was initiated at facilities constructed at Port Harcourt. He aroused political awareness through his newspaper, the Lagos Daily News. Central Africa to 1964. In the early stages of British rule, it is desirable to retain the native authority and to work through and by the native emirs. In 1912, Lugard returned to Nigeria from his six-year term as Governor of Hong Kong, to oversee the merger of the northern and southern protectorates. Other Protestant denominations from Great Britain, Canada, and the United States also opened missions and, in the 1860s, Roman Catholic religious orders established missions. Anietie A. Inyang & Manasseh Edidem Bassey, "Imperial Treaties and the Origins of British Colonial Rule in Southern Nigeria, 18601890". In 1794, the African Association in Great Britain commissioned Mungo Park, an intrepid Scottish physician and naturalist, to search for the headwaters of the Niger and follow the river downstream. Hogendorn. Afeadie, "The Hidden Hand of Overrule" (1996), p. 1921. Political opposition to colonial rule often assumed religious dimensions. The NPC captured 142 seats in the new legislature. The council was headed by a Governor. Dike, K. O. Nigerian students abroad, particularly at British schools, joined those from other colonies in pan-African groups such as the West African Students Union, founded in London in 1925. The Portuguese sold slaves as a way to "obtain spices and weapons in other areas" (Alme). The Royal Niger Company established its headquarters far inland at Lokoja, which was the main trading port of the company,[34] from where it began to assume responsibility for the administration of areas along the Niger and Benue rivers where it maintained depots. [73], Due to the failure of the sanitation officers in Lagos, the virus would continue to spread throughout the southern provinces throughout September and finally make its way into the hinterlands by October. The NCNC backed creation of a midwest state and proposed federal control of education and health services. Azikiwe had less interest in purely Nigerian goals than did Davies, a student of Harold Laski at the London School of Economics, whose political orientation was considered left-wing. Political activists in the southern areas spoke of self-government in terms of educational opportunities and economic development. Sometimes forced labour was used directly for public works projects. After 1900, Europe began to introduce changes to colonial rule in an effort to increase revenues from the colonies. Consequently, he may well deserve the epithet of the "father of Nigeria", which historians accorded him. [27] To produce all this oil, the economy of the southern region crossed over from mostly subsistence to the production of palm oil as a cash crop.[28]. The discussion of pragmatic resistance in Africa comes full circle with the former Portuguese colonies, South Africa, and Kenya. Washington: GPO for the Library of Congress, 1991. Indigenous responses to imperialism during the period of 1750-1900 varied widely depending on the specific group of people and the imperial power they were interacting with. [42], The British had difficulty conquering Igboland, which lacked a central political organisation. Much of the human trafficking which occurred there was nominally illegal, and records from this time and place are not comprehensive. The company received 865,000 compensation for the loss of its Charter. The British, when faced with dissent, tended to grant political reforms in an effort to dispel the attractiveness of more-radical . Its final leg enabled it to meet another line, constructed 19071911, running from Baro, through Minnia, to Kano. By. The officers of the RWAFF were British. ", Helen Chapin Metz, ed. Although realistic in its assessment of the situation in Nigeria, the Richards Constitution undoubtedly intensified regionalism as an alternative to political unification. They gathered information which was needed for policy-making in administration. Although lacking Azikiwe's compelling personality, Awolowo was a formidable debater as well as a vigorous and tenacious political campaigner. The movement brought to public notice a long list of future leaders, including H.O. His government guided the country for the next three years, operating with almost complete autonomy in internal affairs. The Royal Navy bombarded Lagos in November 1851, ousted the pro-slavery Oba Kosoko and established a treaty with the newly installed Oba Akintoye, who was expectedly more amenable to British interests. In the long term, the acceptance of Christianity by large numbers of Nigerians depended on the various denominations adapting to local conditions. Colonialism is defined as "control by one power over a dependent area or people.". After initially adopting an indirect rule approach, in 1906 the British merged the small Lagos Colony and the Southern Nigeria Protectorate into a new Colony of Southern Nigeria, and in 1914 that was combined with the Northern Nigeria Protectorate to form the Colony and Protectorate of Nigeria. Direct taxation on men was introduced in 1928 without major incidents. In general, the regional constitutions followed the federal model, both structurally and functionally. British influence in the Niger area increased gradually over the 19th century, but Britain did not effectively occupy the area until 1885. The council was promoted as a device for allowing the expression of opinions that could instruct the Governor-General. The experiment began in 1890 and was repealed in 1939,[71]. This became the Lagos Constabulary, and subsequently the Nigerian Police Force. Agents also collected intelligence for the colonial officials; they gathered information on public opinion and the military resources of the local polities; they also spied on rival colonial forces in foreign territories. In 1946 a new constitution was approved by the British Parliament at Westminster and promulgated in Nigeria. [11], By the 1880s, the National African Company became the dominant commercial power, increasing from 19 to 39 stations between 1882 and 1893. The NPC continued to represent the interests of the traditional order in the pre-independence deliberations. . Oil income was still marginal, but the prospects for continued economic expansion appeared bright and accentuated political rivalries on the eve of independence. Its architecture was in both Victorian and Brazilian style, as many of the black elite were English-speakers from Sierra Leone and freedmen repatriated from the Empire of Brazil and Spanish Cuba. Subsequent revisions contained in the Lyttleton Constitution, enacted in 1954, firmly established the federal principle and paved the way for independence. colonizers and passive resistance by refusing to collaborate with the colonizers e .g. Thanks. The pulpits of the independent congregations became avenues for the free expression of critics of colonial rule. In the south the British occasionally created a political hierarchy where there had been none before; in most cases they ruled through those who were most malleable, whether these people had held traditional positions of authority or not. Beginning in the 1920s, a number of Nigerians joined other Blacks in various parts of the world to embark on the wider project of Pan-Africanism, which sought to liberate Black people from racism and European domination. Despite conquering villages by burning houses and crops, continual political control over the Igbo remained elusive. [19] Although the Ijebu had some weapons they were wiped out by British Maxims, the earliest machine gun. 3 The Amakholwa's upsurge as a black, conservative, and educated class in the Cape Colony helped establish political resistance to colonial rule. Among the problems needing attention before the British would grant full independence was the minorities fear of discrimination by a future government based on majority ethnic groups. The decrease in trade indirectly led to the collapse of states like the Edo Empire. The colonisers decided to use divide and rule method . The British accomplished the colonization by using its military. Critics, including representatives of the Middle Belt who resented Muslim domination, were relegated to small, peripheral parties or to inconsequential separatist movements.[85]. Its activist membership was drawn from local government and emirate officials who had access to means of communication and to repressive traditional authority that could keep the opposition in line. Inteno Fiberkonverter Blinkar, Herkules Flygplan Fakta, Kraftvrme Frdelar Och Nackdelar, Infllt Mtarskp Utomhus . Afeadie, "The Hidden Hand of Overrule" (1996), p. 1719. The Colony was ultimately governed by the British Colonial Office in London. Although he reported on the eastward flow of the Niger, he was forced to turn back when his equipment was lost to Muslim Arab slave traders. The war also made the British reappraise Nigeria's political future. As a result, the trading post at the Niger River is created and the British economic rule is maintained over the colonies, exploiting Nigerians (Graham, 2009). Samori Ture 7. Effects/Impact of Colonialism on Nigeria 1. The legitimate trade in commodities attracted a number of British merchants to the Niger River, as well as some men who had been formerly engaged in the slave trade but who now changed their line of wares. In May of this year, Herbert J. Examples of passive resistance include complex and/or costly application processes, a failure to provide guidance on how to request information, or enforcement mechanisms that are difficult to use. Early on in colonial rule, for example, Nigerians protested the manner in which water rates and head taxes were collected. Most of the fighting was done by Hausa soldiers, recruited to fight against other groups. He used for the first time in Nigeria modern, sometimes flamboyant, electioneering techniques. This led to protests known as Women's War. Published August 7, 2020. Crowther was succeeded as bishop by a British cleric. If an eye is kept on the Gazettes as they come in this will enable us to warn him of any objections we may entertain to legislative proposals, and also give Liverpool and Manchester an opportunity of voicing their objections. The early history of Lagos Colony was one of repeated attempts to end the Yoruba wars. Discover how the Mandinka Empire, Zimbabwe, Ethiopia, and Nigeria resisted European colonists and the impact each conflict had. The NPC federal parliamentary leader, Abubakar Tafawa Balewa, was appointed Prime Minister of Nigeria. At first, the trade centered around West Central Africa, now the Congo. The Nigeria Regiment of the RWAFF, integrating troops from the north and south, saw action against German colonial forces in Cameroon and in German East Africa. Native Administration was responsible for police, hospitals, public works and local courts. Later Nigerian troops were sent to East Africa. Following Lugards success in the north, he set out the principles of the administrative system subsequently institutionalized as indirect rule. Essentially, local government was to be left in the hands of the traditional chiefs, subject to the guidance of European officers. An example was that at Onitsha, where they could bargain directly with local suppliers and purchase products likely to turn a profit. Macaulay was despised by the British, but he came to be regarded as the father of modern Nigerian nationalism.. Until he stepped down as Governor-General in 1918, Lugard primarily was concerned with consolidating British sovereignty and with assuring local administration through traditional rulers. Early nationalists tended to ignore Nigeria as the focus of patriotism. In 1920, portions of former German Cameroon were mandated to Britain by the League of Nations and were administered as part of Nigeria. The Deputy Governor served as political administrator for company territory and appointed three officials in Nigeria to carry out the work of administration. Although the Muslim emirs eventually collaborated with the British to establish such rule in Northern Nigeria, the absence of similar authority structures in the South led to more direct colonial rule. The Women's War of 1929, known among Igbo women as Ogu Umunwanyi, occurred from November 23 to January 10, 1930. The delta masked the mouth of the great river, and for centuries Nigerians chose not to tell Europeans the secrets of the interior. The conference drafted the terms of a new constitution. The small contingent of northerners who had been educated abroada group that included Abubakar Tafawa Balewa and Aminu Kanowas allied with British-backed efforts to introduce gradual change to the emirates. The Igbo redirected slaves into the domestic economy, especially to grow the staple food crop, yams, in northern Igboland for marketing throughout the palm-tree belt. Inconsistencies in British policy reinforced existing cleavages based on regional animosities, as the British tried both to preserve the indigenous cultures of each area and to introduce modern technology, and Western political and social concepts. [19], West Africa also bought British exports, supplying 3040% of the demand for British cotton during the Industrial Revolution of 17501790.[27]. Independent Christian churches had emerged at the end of the nineteenth century. It was not a walk over for the British to conquer Nigeria, some individuals and groups resisted the imposition of colonial rule. Officials of the Sokoto Caliphate considered these treaties quite differently; from their perspective, the British were granted only extraterritorial rights that did not prevent similar arrangements with the Germans and the French and certainly did not surrender sovereignty. Following the defeat of an unsuccessful foray by Consul General James R. Phillips, a larger retaliatory force captured Benin City and drove Ovonramwen, the Oba of Benin, into exile. The federal government retained specified powers, including responsibility for banking, currency, external affairs, defence, shipping and navigation and communications, but real political power was centred in the regions. Alienated by the anonymity of the urban environment and drawn together by ties to their ethnic homelandsas well as by the need for mutual aidthe new city dwellers formed local clubs that later expanded into federations covering whole regions. Ethnic cleavages intensified in the 1950s. [12] Trade was also conducted through a mechanism of barter and credit. 2, p. 211-221. . In an economy with many qualified applicants for every post, great resentment was generated by any favouritism that authorities showed to members of their own ethnic group. British soap and cosmetics manufacturers tried to obtain land concessions for growing oil palms, but these were refused. They were instrumental in the development of government diplomacy with the traditional rulers; they spread government propaganda among the indigenous people; and they assisted colonial officials in parleying with native forces at war with government troops. Namely, it possessed colonies on all continents. Under the Political Department of the Civil Service were Residents and District Officers, responsible for overseeing operations in each region. 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